{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T09:19:59Z","timestamp":1780391999832,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,12]],"date-time":"2019-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>LoRaWAN has become popular as an IoT enabler. The low cost, ease of installation and the capacity of fine-tuning the parameters make this network a suitable candidate for the deployment of smart cities. In northern Sweden, in the smart region of Skellefte\u00e5, we have deployed a LoRaWAN to enable IoT applications to assist the lives of citizens. As Skellefte\u00e5 has a subarctic climate, we investigate how the extreme changes in the weather happening during a year affect a real LoRaWAN deployment in terms of SNR, RSSI and the use of SF when ADR is enabled. Additionally, we evaluate two propagation models (Okumura-Hata and ITM) and verify if any of those models fit the measurements obtained from our real-life network. Our results regarding the weather impact show that cold weather improves the SNR while warm weather makes the sensors select lower SFs, to minimize the time-on-air. Regarding the tested propagation models, Okumura-Hata has the best fit to our data, while ITM tends to overestimate the RSSI values.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19204414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,14]],"date-time":"2019-10-14T03:54:13Z","timestamp":1571025253000},"page":"4414","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Temperature Impact in LoRaWAN\u2014A Case Study in Northern Sweden"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1396-1006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N\u00edbia","family":"Souza Bezerra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering, Lule\u00e5 University of Technology, 93187 Skellefte\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christer","family":"\u00c5hlund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering, Lule\u00e5 University of Technology, 93187 Skellefte\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saguna","family":"Saguna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering, Lule\u00e5 University of Technology, 93187 Skellefte\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2859-6136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicente","family":"de Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communication Engineering Department (DCO), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), 59078-970 Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2018, March 15). 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