{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T00:48:27Z","timestamp":1769388507375,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,12]],"date-time":"2019-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Program","award":["2016YFD0300608"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFD0300608"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province","award":["1808085MF195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1808085MF195"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Research Project of Anhui Province","award":["KJ2016A837"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJ2016A837"]}]},{"name":"the Open Fund of the Key Laboratory of Technology Integration and Application in Agricultural Internet of Things, and the Ministry of Agriculture","award":["2016KL02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016KL02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nitrogen (N) content is an important basis for the precise management of wheat fields. The application of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in agriculture provides an easier and faster way to monitor nitrogen content. Previous studies have shown that the features acquired from UAVs yield favorable results in monitoring wheat growth. However, since most of them are based on different vegetation indices, it is difficult to meet the requirements of accurate image interpretation. Moreover, resampling also easily ignores the structural features of the image information itself. Therefore, a spectral-spatial feature is proposed combining vegetation indices (VIs) and wavelet features (WFs), especially the acquisition of wavelet features from the UAV image, which was transformed from the spatial domain to the frequency domain with a wavelet transformation. In this way, the complete spatial information of different scales can be obtained to realize good frequency localization, scale transformation, and directional change. The different models based on different features were compared, including partial least squares regression (PLSR), support vector regression (SVR), and particle swarm optimization-SVR (PSO-SVR). The results showed that the accuracy of the model based on the spectral-spatial feature by combining VIs and WFs was higher than that of VIs or WF indices alone. The performance of PSO-SVR was the best (R2 = 0.9025, root mean square error (RMSE) = 0.3287) among the three regression algorithms regardless of the use of all the original features or the combination features. Our results implied that our proposed method could improve the estimation accuracy of aboveground nitrogen content of winter wheat from UAVs with consumer digital cameras, which have greater application potential in predicting other growth parameters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19204416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,14]],"date-time":"2019-10-14T03:54:13Z","timestamp":1571025253000},"page":"4416","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Evaluation of Aboveground Nitrogen Content of Winter Wheat Using Digital Imagery of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1967-8845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baohua","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture\/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture\/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production\/Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for the Technology and Application of Internet of Things, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"School of Information and Computer, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China"}]},{"given":"Mengxuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Computer, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China"}]},{"given":"Zhengxia","family":"Sha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Computer, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma\u2019anshan 243032, China"}]},{"given":"Jianlin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture\/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture\/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production\/Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for the Technology and Application of Internet of Things, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Agricultural Information Institute of Science and Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture\/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture\/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production\/Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for the Technology and Application of Internet of Things, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4184-0730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture\/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture\/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production\/Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for the Technology and Application of Internet of Things, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}]},{"given":"Weixing","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture\/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture\/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production\/Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for the Technology and Application of Internet of Things, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1884-2404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture\/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture\/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production\/Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for the Technology and Application of Internet of Things, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1626\/pps.10.400","article-title":"Analysis of Common Canopy Reflectance Spectra for Indicating Leaf Nitrogen Concentrations in Wheat and Rice","volume":"10","author":"Zhu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plant Prod. 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