{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T13:08:41Z","timestamp":1769692121115,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,17]],"date-time":"2019-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents an underwater passive source localization method by forming an underdetermined linear inversion problem. The signal strength on a specified grid is evaluated using sparse reconstruction algorithms by exploiting the spatial sparsity of the source signals. Our strategy leads to a high ratio of measurements to sparsity (RMS), an increase in the peak sharpness with a low side lobe level, and minimization of the dimensionality of the problem due to the formulation of the system equation of the multiple snapshots based on the data correlation matrix. Furthermore, to reduce the computational burden, pre-locating with Bartlett is presented. Our proposed technique can perform close to Bartlet and white noise gain constraint processes in the single-source scenario, but it can give slightly better results while localizing multiple sources. It exhibits the respective characteristics of traditionally used Bartlett and white noise gain constraint methods, such as robustness to environmental\/system mismatch and high resolution. Both the simulated and experimental data are processed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method for underwater source localization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19204522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,17]],"date-time":"2019-10-17T11:07:59Z","timestamp":1571310479000},"page":"4522","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Passive Source Localization Using Compressive Sensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5840-3238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hangfang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science &amp; Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ocean Observation-Imaging Testbed of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan 316021, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. Jehanzeb","family":"Irshad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science &amp; Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huihong","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science &amp; Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9138-8773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science &amp; Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ocean Observation-Imaging Testbed of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan 316021, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1109\/48.262292","article-title":"An overview of matched field methods in ocean acoustics","volume":"18","author":"Baggeroer","year":"1993","journal-title":"IEEE J. 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