{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T17:51:22Z","timestamp":1774979482563,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,18]],"date-time":"2019-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Surface acoustic wave sensors have the advantage of fast response, low-cost, and wireless interfacing capability and they have been used in the medical analysis, material characterization, and other application fields that immerse the device under a liquid environment. The theoretical analysis of the single guided layer shear horizontal acoustic wave based on the perturbation theory has seen developments that span the past 20 years. However, multiple guided layer systems under a liquid environment have not been thoroughly analyzed by existing theoretical models. A dispersion equation previously derived from a system of three rigidly coupled elastic mass layers is extended and developed in this study with multiple guided layers to analyze how the liquid layer\u2019s properties affect the device\u2019s sensitivity. The combination of the multiple layers to optimize the sensitivity of an acoustic wave sensor is investigated in this study. The Maxwell model of viscoelasticity is applied to represent the liquid layer. A thorough analysis of the complex velocity due to the variations of the liquid layer\u2019s properties and thickness is derived and discussed to optimize multilayer Surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor design. Numerical simulation of the sensitivity with a liquid layer on top of two guided layers is investigated in this study as well. The parametric investigation was conducted by varying the thicknesses for the liquid layer and the guided layers. The effect of the liquid layer viscosity on the sensitivity of the design is also presented in this study. The two guided layer device can achieve higher sensitivity than the single guided layer counterpart in a liquid environment by optimizing the second guided layer thickness. This perturbation analysis is valuable for Love wave sensor optimization to detect the liquid biological samples and analytes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19204533","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,18]],"date-time":"2019-10-18T11:24:15Z","timestamp":1571397855000},"page":"4533","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Perturbation Analysis of a Multiple Layer Guided Love Wave Sensor in a Viscoelastic Environment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6408-0244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33610, USA"},{"name":"Center for Research and Education in Nanobioengineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Pharmacy Graduate Programs, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"},{"name":"Microfluidics and Acoustics Laboratory, College of Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33610, USA"},{"name":"James A Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0961-6624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33610, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9380-4467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33610, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5838-0681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shyam S.","family":"Mohapatra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research and Education in Nanobioengineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Pharmacy Graduate Programs, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"},{"name":"James A Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7636-0174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Subhra","family":"Mohapatra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research and Education in Nanobioengineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"},{"name":"James A Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4368-2238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rasim","family":"Guldiken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33610, USA"},{"name":"Microfluidics and Acoustics Laboratory, College of Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33610, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s10877-013-9446-5","article-title":"Potential of surface acoustic wave biosensors for early sepsis diagnosis","volume":"27","author":"Csete","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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