{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T01:05:25Z","timestamp":1777511125354,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,21]],"date-time":"2019-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP180102632"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP180102632"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Guangdong provincial scientific planning project","award":["2016B050502005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016B050502005"]}]},{"name":"QUT-GDSTC Collaborative Research Grant","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016YFC0203305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFC0203305"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This manuscript details the application of a profluorescent nitroxide (PFN) for the online quantification of radical concentrations on particulate matter (PM) using an improved Particle Into Nitroxide Quencher (PINQ). A miniature flow-through fluorimeter developed specifically for use with the 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene-nitroxide (BPEAnit) probe was integrated into the PINQ, along with automated gas phase corrections through periodic high efficiency particle arrestor (HEPA) filtering. The resulting instrument is capable of unattended sampling and was operated with a minimum time resolution of 2.5 min. Details of the fluorimeter design and examples of data processing are provided, and results from a chamber study of side-stream cigarette smoke and ambient monitoring campaign in Guangzhou, China are presented. Primary cigarette smoke was shown to have both short-lived (t1\/2 = 27 min) and long-lived (t1\/2 = indefinite) PM-bound reactive oxygen species (ROS) components which had previously only been observed in secondary organic aerosol (SOA).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19204564","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,21]],"date-time":"2019-10-21T03:40:29Z","timestamp":1571629229000},"page":"4564","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Application of a Fluorescent Probe for the Online Measurement of PM-Bound Reactive Oxygen Species in Chamber and Ambient Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9854-8415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reece","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ILAQH (International Laboratory of Air Quality and Health), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), George St. 2, Brisbane 4000 QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Svetlana","family":"Stevanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ILAQH (International Laboratory of Air Quality and Health), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), George St. 2, Brisbane 4000 QLD, Australia"},{"name":"School of Engineering, Deakin University, Geelong 3216 VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zachary","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ILAQH (International Laboratory of Air Quality and Health), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), George St. 2, Brisbane 4000 QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingfu","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Atmospheric Sciences, and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"},{"name":"Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology\/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Numerical Weather Prediction, CMA, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9857-4608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shengzhen","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Atmospheric Sciences, and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry (GIG), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinming","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry (GIG), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Branka","family":"Miljevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ILAQH (International Laboratory of Air Quality and Health), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), George St. 2, Brisbane 4000 QLD, Australia"},{"name":"School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9954-9471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Atmospheric Sciences, and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Bottle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zoran","family":"Ristovski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ILAQH (International Laboratory of Air Quality and Health), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), George St. 2, Brisbane 4000 QLD, Australia"},{"name":"School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2003.12.035","article-title":"Fine particles and human health\u2014A review of epidemiological studies","volume":"149","author":"Englert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicol. 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