{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T21:07:57Z","timestamp":1774127277029,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,26]],"date-time":"2019-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010198","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CGL2014-53044-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGL2014-53044-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010198","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the last few years, there has been a huge interest in the Internet of Things (hereinafter IoT) field. Among the large number of IoT technologies, the low-power wide-area network (hereinafter LPWAN) has emerged providing low power, low data-rate communication over long distances, enabling battery-operated devices to operate for long time periods. This paper introduces an application of long-range (hereinafter LoRa) technology, one of the most popular LPWANs, to volcanic surveillance. The first low-power and low-cost wireless network based on LoRa to monitor the soil temperature in thermal anomaly zones in volcanic areas has been developed. A total of eight thermometers (end devices) have been deployed on a Teide volcano in Tenerife (Canary Islands). In addition, a repeater device was developed to extend the network range when the gateway did not have a line of sight connection with the thermometers. Combining LoRa communication capabilities with microchip microcontrollers (end devices and repeater) and a Raspberry Pi board (gateway), three main milestones have been achieved: (i) extreme low-power consumption, (ii) real-time and proper temperature acquisition, and (iii) a reliable network operation. The first results are shown. These results provide enough quality for a proper volcanic surveillance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19214651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,28]],"date-time":"2019-10-28T04:44:31Z","timestamp":1572237871000},"page":"4651","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["An Internet of Things (IoT) Application on Volcano Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Shadia","family":"Awadallah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Geof\u00edsico de Canarias, Instituto Geogr\u00e1fico Nacional, C\/La Marina 20, 38001 S\/C Tenerife, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1500-6213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Moure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Geof\u00edsico de Canarias, Instituto Geogr\u00e1fico Nacional, C\/La Marina 20, 38001 S\/C Tenerife, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9534-0590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Torres-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Geof\u00edsico de Canarias, Instituto Geogr\u00e1fico Nacional, C\/La Marina 20, 38001 S\/C Tenerife, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"L13303","article-title":"Monitoring the volcanic unrest of El Hierro (Canary Islands) before the onset of the 2011\u20132012 submarine eruption","volume":"39","author":"Blanco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geophys. 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