{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T14:53:50Z","timestamp":1780325630246,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,27]],"date-time":"2019-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"national social science foundation of China","award":["19BGL184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19BGL184"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"national natural science foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61703008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61703008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"national natural science foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61802010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61802010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Reliable and accurate localization of objects is essential for many applications in wireless networks. Especially for large-scale wireless sensor networks (WSNs), both low cost and high accuracy are targets of the localization technology. However, some range-free methods cannot be combined with a cooperative method, because these range-free methods are characterized by low accuracy of distance estimation. To solve this problem, we propose a hard decision-based cooperative localization method. For distance estimation, an exponential distance calibration formula is derived to estimate distance. In the cooperative phase, the cooperative method is optimized by outlier constraints from neighboring anchors. Simulations are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The results show that localization accuracy is improved in different scenarios, while high node density or anchor density contributes to the localization. For large-scale WSNs, the hard decision-based cooperative localization is proved to be effective.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19214665","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,28]],"date-time":"2019-10-28T04:44:31Z","timestamp":1572237871000},"page":"4665","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Hard Decision-Based Cooperative Localization for Wireless Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Zhaoyang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Information Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China"},{"name":"School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2230-0077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuebo","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Information Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Information Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiping","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Information Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuting","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Information Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2014.2369631","article-title":"Distributed power allocation for cooperative wireless network localization","volume":"33","author":"Dai","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. 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