{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T04:43:35Z","timestamp":1771562615610,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]],"date-time":"2019-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Barkhausen noise testing (BNT) is a nondestructive method for investigating many properties of ferromagnetic materials. The most common application is the monitoring of grinding burns caused by introducing locally high temperatures while grinding. Other features, such as microstructure, residual stress changes, hardening depth, and so forth, can be monitored as well. Nevertheless, because BNT is a method based on a complex magnetoelectric phenomenon, it is not yet standardized. Therefore, there is a need to study the traceability and stability of the measurement method. This study aimed to carry out a statistical analysis of ferromagnetic samples after grinding processes by the use of BNT. The first part of the experiment was to grind samples in different facilities (Sweden and Finland) with similar grinding parameters, different grinding wheels, and different hardness values. The second part was to evaluate measured BNT parameters to determine significant factors affecting BNT signal value. The measurement data from the samples were divided into two different batches according to where they were manufactured. Both grinding batches contained measurement data from three different participants. The main feature for calculation was the root-mean-square (RMS) value. The first processing step was to normalize the RMS values for all the measurements. A standard analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied for the normalized dataset. The ANOVA showed that the grinding parameters had a significant impact on the BNT signal value, while the other investigated factors (e.g., participant) were negligible. The reasons for this are discussed at the end of the paper.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19214716","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]],"date-time":"2019-10-31T05:18:26Z","timestamp":1572499106000},"page":"4716","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Statistical Evaluation of Barkhausen Noise Testing (BNT) for Ground Samples"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3056-781X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Tomkowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Manufacturing and Metrology Systems, Department of Production Engineering, School of Industrial Engineering and Management, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Brinellv\u00e4gen 68, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9719-1418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aki","family":"Sorsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Control Engineering, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4300, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0047-3268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suvi","family":"Santa-aho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 589, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland"}]},{"given":"Per","family":"Lundin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schlumpf Scandinavia AB, Flygf\u00e4ltsgatan 2D, 128 30 Skarpn\u00e4ck, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Minnamari","family":"Vippola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 589, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Umakoshi, Y., and Yasuda, H.Y. (2004). Nondestruction Lifetime Prediction by Magnetic Measurements. 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Introduction to Analysis of Variance, SAGE Publications, Inc.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412984621"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/21\/4716\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:30:31Z","timestamp":1760189431000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/21\/4716"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s19214716"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19214716","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]]}}}