{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:49:41Z","timestamp":1760240981417,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]],"date-time":"2019-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/EEA\/50008\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/EEA\/50008\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015494","name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PES3N POCI-01-0145- FEDER-030629"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PES3N POCI-01-0145- FEDER-030629"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015494","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"PDMFC","award":["SECREDAS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SECREDAS"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multi-Input, Multi-Output (MIMO) techniques are seeing widespread usage in wireless communication systems due to their large capacity gains. On the other hand, security is a concern of any wireless system, which can make schemes that implement physical layer security key in assuring secure communications. In this paper, we study the physical layer security issues of MIMO with Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) schemes, employed along with Single-Carrier with Frequency-Domain Equalization (SC-FDE) techniques. More concretely. the security potential against an unintended eavesdropper is analysed, and it is shown that the higher the distance between the eavesdropper and the transmitter or receiver, the higher the secrecy rate. In addition, in a scenario where there is Line of Sight (LOS) between all users, it is shown that the secrecy rate can be even higher than in the previous scenario. Therefore, MIMO-SVD schemes combined with SC-FDE can be an efficient option for highly secure MIMO communications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19214757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]],"date-time":"2019-11-01T12:30:50Z","timestamp":1572611450000},"page":"4757","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["On the Physical Layer Security Characteristics for MIMO-SVD Techniques for SC-FDE Schemes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2046-0381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Madeira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Monte de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Guerreiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UAL, Universidade Aut\u00f3noma de Lisboa, 1169-023 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"IT, Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"PDMFC, Projecto Desenvolvimento Manuten\u00e7\u00e3o Forma\u00e7\u00e3o e Consultadoria LDA, 1300-609 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Dinis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Monte de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"IT, Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Montezuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Monte de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"IT, Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds Miguel","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PDMFC, Projecto Desenvolvimento Manuten\u00e7\u00e3o Forma\u00e7\u00e3o e Consultadoria LDA, 1300-609 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008889222784","article-title":"On limits of wireless communications in a fading environment when using multiple antennas","volume":"6","author":"Foschini","year":"1998","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Wolniasky, P., Foschini, G., Golden, G., and Valenzuela, R. (October, January 29). V-Blast: An architecture for realizing very high data rates over rich-scattering wireless channel. Proceedings of the 1998 URSI International Symposium on Signals, Systems, and Electronics, Pisa, Italy."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.4460100604","article-title":"Capacity of multi-antenna Gaussian channels","volume":"10","author":"Telatar","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. Trans. Telecommun."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2015.10.001","article-title":"On achievable rate of massive MIMO multiple access channels via virtual representation","volume":"20","author":"Xue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Commun."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2003.821915","article-title":"An overview of MIMO communications\u2014A key to gigabit wireless","volume":"92","author":"Paulraj","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"3GPPP (2006). Physical Layers Aspects for Evolved UTRA, TR 25.814 3GPPP."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2014.6736746","article-title":"Five disruptive technology directions for 5G","volume":"52","author":"Boccardi","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, B., and Awad, A.I. (2018). Cyber and Physical Security Vulnerability Assessment for IoT-Based Smart Homes. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18030817"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2011.5751298","article-title":"Physical layer security in wireless networks: A tutorial","volume":"18","author":"Shiu","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2018.10.008","article-title":"A survey on OFDM physical layer security","volume":"32","author":"Melki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Commun."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mucchi, L., Nizzi, F., Pecorella, T., Fantacci, R., and Esposito, F. (2019, January 3\u20136). Benefits of Physical Layer Security to Cryptography: Tradeoff and Applications. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Black Sea Conference on Communications and Networking (BlackSeaCom), Sochi, Russia.","DOI":"10.1109\/BlackSeaCom.2019.8812778"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1109\/MIE.2018.2874385","article-title":"Physical-Layer Security for Industrial Wireless Control Systems: Basics and Future Directions","volume":"12","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Ind. Electron. Mag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, L., and Du, Q. (2018). A Review of Physical Layer Security Techniques for Internet of Things: Challenges and Solutions. Entropy, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/e20100730"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5059","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2008.928990","article-title":"On the secrecy capacity of fading channels","volume":"54","author":"Gopala","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2011.10.004","article-title":"Physical layer security of MIMO-OFDM systems by beamforming and artificial noise generation","volume":"4","author":"Ghogho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Commun."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2016.09.003","article-title":"Cyclic feature suppression for physical layer security","volume":"25","author":"Ankarali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Commun."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2012.2195491","article-title":"Physical-Layer Secrecy for OFDM Transmissions Over Fading Channels","volume":"7","author":"Renna","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2013.130904","article-title":"Practical Physical Layer Security Schemes for MIMO-OFDM Systems Using Precoding Matrix Indices","volume":"31","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madeira, J., Guerreiro, J., and Dinis, R. (2018, January 5\u20139). Iterative Frequency-Domain Detection for MIMO Systems with Strong Nonlinear Distortion Effects. Proceedings of the IEEE 10th International Congress on Ultra Modern Telecommunications and Control Systems and Workshops (ICuMT \u20192018), Moscow, Russia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUMT.2018.8631239"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2004.840199","article-title":"MIMO transmission over a time-varying channel using SVD","volume":"4","author":"Lebrun","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2011.10.001","article-title":"Modeling ordered subcarrier SNR in MIMO-OFDM wireless links","volume":"4","author":"Daniels","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Commun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2013.130206","article-title":"Performance of conjugate and zero-forcing beamforming in large-scale antenna systems","volume":"31","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2004.833027","article-title":"A comparative study on the performance of MIMO MRC systems with and without cochannel interference","volume":"52","author":"Kang","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1049\/el:20020767","article-title":"Block iterative DFE for single carrier modulation","volume":"38","author":"Benvenuto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Busari, S.A., Huq, K.M.S., Mumtaz, S., and Rodriguez, J. (2019, January 20\u201324). Terahertz Massive MIMO for Beyond-5G Wireless Communication. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC 2019), Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2019.8761371"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aly, R.M., Zaki, A., Badawi, W.K., and Aly, M.H. (2019). Time Coding OTDM MIMO System Based on Singular Value Decomposition for 5G Applications. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9132691"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2256","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2018.2815541","article-title":"Constructive Interference Based Secure Precoding: A New Dimension in Physical Layer Security","volume":"13","author":"Khandaker","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dinis, R., Montezuma, P., Souto, N., and Silva, J. (2010, January 12\u201314). Iterative Frequency-Domain Equalization for general constellations. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE Sarnoff Symposium, Princeton, NJ, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/SARNOF.2010.5469792"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2019.2929040","article-title":"On the Achievable Performance of Nonlinear MIMO Systems","volume":"23","author":"Guerreiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahrens, A., Benavente-Peces, C., and Aboltins, A. (2015, January 5\u20136). Performance comparison of SVD- and GMD-assisted MIMO systems. Proceedings of the Advances in Wireless and Optical Communications (RTUWO), Riga, Latvia.","DOI":"10.1109\/RTUWO.2015.7365708"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2017.2782321","article-title":"Analytical Performance Evaluation of Precoding Techniques for Nonlinear Massive MIMO Systems With Channel Estimation Errors","volume":"66","author":"Guerreiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Yuen, C., Wen, C.-K., Jin, S., Wong, K.-K., and Zhu, H. (2015, January 8\u201312). Achievable ergodic secrecy rate for MIMO SWIPT wiretap channels. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Communication Workshop (ICCW), London, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCW.2015.7247221"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2009.2031562","article-title":"Single Carrier Modulation With Nonlinear Frequency Domain Equalization: An Idea Whose Time Has Come-Again","volume":"98","author":"Benvenuto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bustin, R., Liu, R., Poor, H.V., and Shamai, S. (2009). An MMSE approach to the secrecy capacity of the MIMO Gaussian wiretap channel. EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw., 2009.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISIT.2009.5205967"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4961","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2011.2158487","article-title":"The secrecy capacity of the MIMO wiretap channel","volume":"57","author":"Oggier","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2018.03.007","article-title":"Efficient algorithms for physical layer security in two-way relay systems","volume":"28","author":"Obeed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Commun."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/21\/4757\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:31:17Z","timestamp":1760189477000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/21\/4757"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s19214757"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19214757","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]]}}}