{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T01:22:58Z","timestamp":1782955378303,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,5]],"date-time":"2019-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper proposes a methane sensor based on localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of a hexagonal periodic gold nanoring array. The effects of structural parameters on the extinction spectrum and refractive index (RI) sensitivity are analyzed to obtain optimal parameters. In particular, the RI sensitivity can reach 550.08 nm\/RIU through improvement of the sensor structure, which is an increase of 17.4% over the original value. After coating a methane-sensitive membrane on the inner and outer surfaces of the gold rings, the methane concentration can be accurately measured with a gas sensitivity of \u22121.02 nm\/%. The proposed method is also applicable to quantitative analyses of components concentration and qualitative analyses of gas composition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19214803","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,5]],"date-time":"2019-11-05T06:47:57Z","timestamp":1572936477000},"page":"4803","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["A High-Sensitivity Methane Sensor with Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Behavior in an Improved Hexagonal Gold Nanoring Array"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1325-8193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hai","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"},{"name":"Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Big Date, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8542-5005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanzeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingbing","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoufeng","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2015.09.108","article-title":"A highly temperature-sensitive photonic crystal fiber based on surface plasmon resonance","volume":"359","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1007\/s10043-018-0447-y","article-title":"Design of a surface plasmon resonance biosensor based on photonic crystal fiber with elliptical holes","volume":"25","author":"Seifouri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2016.07.031","article-title":"Numerical analysis of a photonic crystal fiber based on a surface plasmon resonance sensor with an annular analyte channel","volume":"382","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-014-9749-5","article-title":"High-Sensitivity Refractive Index Sensor Based on D-Shaped Photonic Crystal Fiber with Rectangular Lattice and Nanoscale Gold Film","volume":"9","author":"An","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385203","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/aa80f4","article-title":"Dual mode operation, highly selective nanohole array-based plasmonic colour filters","volume":"28","author":"Mahani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2017.11.040","article-title":"[INVITED] Highly sensitive LSPR based photonic crystal fiber sensor with embodiment of nanospheres in different material domain","volume":"101","author":"Paul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2018.2814216","article-title":"Optical Cavity-Enhanced Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance for High-Quality Sensing","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JNP.12.046015","article-title":"Research on dual-core photonic crystal fiber based on local surface plasmon resonance sensor with silver nanowires","volume":"12","author":"Jiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nanophotonics"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32086","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.032086","article-title":"Hybrid integrated plasmonic-photonic waveguides for on-chip localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) sensing and spectroscopy","volume":"21","author":"Chamanzar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31871","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b11413","article-title":"Engineering a Large Scale Indium Nanodot Array for Refractive Index Sensing","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1080\/09500340.2015.1066459","article-title":"High-sensitivity plasmonic sensor based on perfect absorber with metallic nanoring structures","volume":"63","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mod. Opt."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153108","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3579536","article-title":"High sensitivity plasmonic index sensor using slablike gold nanoring arrays","volume":"98","author":"Tsai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2006.03.021","article-title":"Sensing capability of the localized surface plasmon resonance of gold nanorods","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Kim, S.W., Cha, S.H., Kang, B.H., Lee, S.W., and Kang, S.W. (2015, January 1\u20134). Optical gas sensor based on LSPR using ZnO nanoparticles and AAO nanostructure. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE SENSORS, Busan, Korea."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-018-0725-3","article-title":"Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR)-Based Nanobiosensor for Methamphetamin Measurement","volume":"13","author":"Qadami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2017.2779519","article-title":"LSPR and SPR Based Fiber Optic Cholesterol Sensor using Immobilization of Cholesterol Oxidase over Silver Nanoparticles Coated Graphene Oxide Nanosheets","volume":"18","author":"Semwal","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45101","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/aaa06a","article-title":"The investigation of an LSPR refractive index sensor based on periodic gold nanorings array","volume":"51","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2501","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAB.35.002501","article-title":"Impact of ordering of gold nanohole arrays on refractive index sensing","volume":"35","author":"Malani","year":"2018","journal-title":"JOSA B"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2018.05.007","article-title":"Simultaneous measurement of hydrogen and methane based on PCF-SPR structure with compound film-coated side-holes","volume":"45","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Fiber Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.05.125","article-title":"Photonic crystal fiber methane sensor based on modal interference with an ultraviolet curable fluoro-siloxane nano-film incorporating cryptophane A","volume":"235","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14696","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.014696","article-title":"Long-period fiber grating sensor with a styrene-acrylonitrile nano-film incorporating cryptophane A for methane detection","volume":"19","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2014.05.132","article-title":"In-line Mach-Zehnder Interferometer and FBG with Pd film for simultaneous hydrogen and temperature detection","volume":"202","author":"Min","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2575","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL059368","article-title":"On Tropical Cyclone Size and Intensity Changes Associated with Two Types of Long-lasting Rainbands in Monsoonal Environments","volume":"41","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2014.04.043","article-title":"A compact differential refractive index sensor based on localized surface plasmons","volume":"214","author":"Derenko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1","article-title":"Transmission Enhancement in Coaxial Hole Array Based Plasmonic Color Filter for Image Sensor Applications","volume":"10","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20258","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.020258","article-title":"High-sensitivity photonic crystal fiber long-period grating methane sensor with cryptophane-A-6Me absorbed on a PAA-CNTs\/PAH nanofilm","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2018.2801831","article-title":"Simultaneous Measurement of Hydrogen Concentration and Temperature Based on Fiber Loop Mirror Combined with PCF","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/21\/4803\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:31:56Z","timestamp":1760189516000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/21\/4803"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,5]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s19214803"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19214803","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,5]]}}}