{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T01:41:08Z","timestamp":1769910068224,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,13]],"date-time":"2019-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17H04903"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17H04903"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The continuous measurements of vital signs (body temperature, blood pressure, pulse wave, and respiration rate) are important in many applications across various fields, including healthcare and sports. To realize such measurements, wearable devices that cause minimal discomfort to the wearers are highly desired. Accordingly, a device that can measure multiple vital signs simultaneously using a single sensing element is important in order to reduce the number of devices attached to the wearer\u2019s body, thereby reducing user discomfort. Thus, in this study, we propose a device with a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)-based pressure sensor that can simultaneously measure the blood pulse wave and respiration rate using only one sensing element. In particular, in the proposed device, a thin silicone tube, whose inner pressure can be measured via a piezoresistive cantilever, is attached to the nose pad of a pair of eyeglasses. On wearing the eyeglasses, the tube of sensor device is in contact with the area above the angular artery and nasal cavity of the subject, and thus, both pulse wave and breath of the subject cause the tube\u2019s inner pressure to change. We experimentally show that it is possible to extract information related to pulse wave and respiration as the low-frequency and high-frequency components of the sensor signal, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19224942","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,13]],"date-time":"2019-11-13T09:11:27Z","timestamp":1573636287000},"page":"4942","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["MEMS-Based Sensor for Simultaneous Measurement of Pulse Wave and Respiration Rate"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Thanh-Vinh","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensing System Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ibaraki 305-8564, Japan"}]},{"given":"Masaaki","family":"Ichiki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensing System Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ibaraki 305-8564, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4373","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201504366","article-title":"Monitoring of Vital Signs with Flexible and Wearable Medical Devices","volume":"28","author":"Khan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1039\/C7LC00914C","article-title":"Wearable sensors: Modalities, challenges, and prospects","volume":"18","author":"Heikenfeld","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201504560","article-title":"Flexible Piezoresistive Sensor Patch Enabling Ultralow Power Cuffless Blood Pressure Measurement","volume":"26","author":"Luo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8611","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45175-2","article-title":"An Unobtrusive and Calibration-free Blood Pressure Estimation Method using Photoplethysmography and Biometrics","volume":"9","author":"Xing","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z.-D., Liu, J.-K., Wen, B., He, Q.-Y., Li, Y., and Miao, F. (2018). Cuffless Blood Pressure Estimation Using Pressure Pulse Wave Signals. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18124227"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11144","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1814392115","article-title":"Relation between blood pressure and pulse wave velocity for human arteries","volume":"115","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4496","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5496","article-title":"Conformable amplified lead zirconate titanate sensors with enhanced piezoelectric response for cutaneous pressure monitoring","volume":"5","author":"Dagdeviren","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2834","article-title":"Highly sensitive flexible pressure sensors with microstructured rubber dielectric layers","volume":"9","author":"Mannsfeld","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Wearable pressure sensor array for health monitoring","volume":"44","author":"Kaisti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Cardiol. (CinC)"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-019-0117-x","article-title":"Clinical assessment of a non-invasive wearable MEMS pressure sensor array for monitoring of arterial pulse waveform, heart rate and detection of atrial fibrillation","volume":"2","author":"Kaisti","year":"2019","journal-title":"NPJ Digit. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1109\/MRA.2014.2310152","article-title":"The Feel of MEMS Barometers: Inexpensive and Easily Customized Tactile Array Sensors","volume":"21","author":"Tenzer","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Mag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1501856","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1501856","article-title":"Ultraflexible organic photonic skin","volume":"2","author":"Yokota","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5745","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6745","article-title":"All-organic optoelectronic sensor for pulse oximetry","volume":"5","author":"Lochner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.7567\/JJAP.52.04CL05","article-title":"A Wearable Capacitive Sensor for Monitoring Human Respiratory Rate","volume":"52","author":"Kundu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Massaroni, C., Nicol\u00f2, A., Presti, D.L., Sacchetti, M., Silvestri, S., and Schena, E. (2019). Contact-Based Methods for Measuring Respiratory Rate. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19040908"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Loon, K., van Zaane, B., Bosch, E.J., Kalkman, C.J., and Peelen, L.M. (2015). Non-Invasive Continuous Respiratory Monitoring on General Hospital Wards: A Systematic Review. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144626"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Johnston, W.S., and Mendelson, Y. (2004, January 1\u20135). In Extracting breathing rate information from a wearable reflectance pulse oximeter sensor. Proceedings of the 26th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/aa670e","article-title":"Extraction of respiratory signals from the electrocardiogram and photoplethysmogram: Technical and physiological determinants","volume":"38","author":"Charlton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"195","article-title":"A review on wearable photoplethysmography sensors and their potential future applications in health care","volume":"4","author":"Castaneda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2015.02.048","article-title":"Evaluation of a Doppler radar sensor system for vital signs detection and activity monitoring in a radio-frequency shielded room","volume":"68","author":"Kuutti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104703","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2798937","article-title":"Measurement of human heartbeat and respiration signals using phase detection radar","volume":"78","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55015","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/22\/5\/055015","article-title":"Differential pressure sensor using a piezoresistive cantilever","volume":"22","author":"Takahashi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Micromechanics Microengineering"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2013.09.002","article-title":"High-sensitivity triaxial tactile sensor with elastic microstructures pressing on piezoresistive cantilevers","volume":"215","author":"Takahashi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3670","DOI":"10.1039\/C5LC00661A","article-title":"Viscosity measurement based on the tapping-induced free vibration of sessile droplets using MEMS-based piezoresistive cantilevers","volume":"15","author":"Nguyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9523","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.6b02762","article-title":"Depinning-Induced Capillary Wave during the Sliding of a Droplet on a Textured Surface","volume":"32","author":"Nguyen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, T., Takahashi, H., and Shimoyama, I. (2017, January 18\u201322). MEMS-based pressure sensor with a superoleophobic membrane for measuring droplet vibration. Proceedings of the 2017 19th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems (TRANSDUCERS), Kaohsiung, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/TRANSDUCERS.2017.7994257"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143505","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4824027","article-title":"A barometric pressure sensor based on the air-gap scale effect in a cantilever","volume":"103","author":"Takahashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/22\/4942\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:34:04Z","timestamp":1760189644000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/22\/4942"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,13]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s19224942"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19224942","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,13]]}}}