{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:49:34Z","timestamp":1760240974294,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,13]],"date-time":"2019-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11905102","61601423"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11905102","61601423"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We report the \u03b3-ray ionizing radiation response of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) monolithic active-pixel sensors (MAPS) with different integration times and gains. The distribution of the eight-bit two-dimensional matrix of MAPS output frame images was studied for different parameter settings and dose rates. We present the first results of the effects of these parameters on the response of the sensor and establish a linear relationship between the average response signal and radiation dose rate in the high-dose rate range. The results show that the distribution curves can be separated into three ranges. The first range is from 0 to 24, which generates the first significant low signal peak. The second range is from 25 to 250, which shows a smooth gradient change with different integration times, gains, and dose rates. The third range is from 251 to 255, where a final peak appears, which has a relationship with integral time, gain, and dose rate. The mean pixel value shows a linear dependence on the radiation dose rate, albeit with different calibration constants depending on the integration time and gain. Hence, MAPS can be used as a radiation monitoring device with good precision.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19224950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]],"date-time":"2019-11-14T10:56:34Z","timestamp":1573728994000},"page":"4950","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effect of Commercial Off-The-Shelf MAPS on \u03b3-Ray Ionizing Radiation Response to Different Integration Times and Gains"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Shoulong","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"},{"name":"School of resource Environment and Safety Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4649-3221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaap","family":"Velthuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1QU, UK"},{"name":"School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China"}]},{"given":"Qifan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}]},{"given":"Yongchao","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, China"}]},{"given":"Kuicheng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituted of materials, China academy of engineering physics, Mianyang 621700, China"}]},{"given":"Lana","family":"Beck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1QU, UK"}]},{"given":"Shuliang","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of resource Environment and Safety Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China"}]},{"given":"Yantao","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, China"}]},{"given":"Zengyan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi\u2019an 710024, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"163","article-title":"Calculation and Analysis for the Radiation Condition in the Containment of Pwr After Severe Accident","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. 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