{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T20:53:16Z","timestamp":1762980796354,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]],"date-time":"2019-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013213","name":"Research Fund for Coal and Steel","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RFC-CS-03005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RFC-CS-03005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013213","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The ring-shaped electrostatic sensor is a gas\u2013solid flow measurement system, which has a problem of flow profile dependency. To deal with this problem, a method was introduced in this paper, which was to repeatedly use the successive \u201ctails\u201d of the sensor\u2019s overall output power spectrum to identify elementary frequency components corresponding to the equivalent roping flow streams. From the radial locations of these equivalent flow streams, the decomposed power frequency spectral components were then reweighted accordingly. Through such signal processing, an improved electrostatic sensor spatial sensitivity was achieved without modifying the sensor\u2019s structure. The method of interpolation was presented and discussed, and the effect of velocity profile on the proposed method was evaluated under different velocity profiles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19224963","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]],"date-time":"2019-11-14T10:56:34Z","timestamp":1573728994000},"page":"4963","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Reweighting Signal Spectra to Improve Spatial Sensitivity for an Electrostatic Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Jianyong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, Engineering and Digital Technologies, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BA, UK"},{"name":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruixue","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, Engineering and Digital Technologies, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Abdalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, Engineering and Digital Technologies, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2008.2002276","article-title":"Electrostatic nonintrusive method for measuring the electric charge, mass flow rate, and velocity of particulates in the two-phase gas-solid pipe flows\u2014Its only or as many as 50 years of historical evolution","volume":"44","author":"Gajewski","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3886(96)00016-2","article-title":"Monitoring electrostatic flow noise for mass flow and mean velocity measurement in pneumatic transport","volume":"37","author":"Gajewski","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Electrostat."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canbolat, H. (2012). Air-Solids Flow Measurement Using Electrostatic Techniques., In Electrostatics, InTech.","DOI":"10.5772\/2110"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3434","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2015.2465731","article-title":"The characterization of pulverized- coal pneumatic transport using an array of intrusive electrostatic sensors","volume":"64","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7516","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2017.2758442","article-title":"Homogenization of the Spatial Sensitivity of Electrostatic Sensors for the Flow Measurement of Pneumatically Conveyed Solids in a Square-Shaped Pipe","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elstat.2005.02.006","article-title":"Theoretical and experimental studies of the spatial sensitivity of an electrostatic pulverised fuel meter","volume":"63","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Electrostat."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Cheng, R. (1996). A Study of Electrostatic Pulverised Fuel Meters. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Teesside]."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2007.07.021","article-title":"Characterization of electrostatic sensors for flow measurement of particulate solids in square-shaped pneumatic conveying pipelines","volume":"141","author":"Peng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2012.2212495","article-title":"Spatial Selectivity of Linear Electrostatic Sensor Arrays for Particle Velocity Measurement","volume":"62","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2016.2627246","article-title":"Measurement of the Mass Flow and Velocity Distributions of Pulverized Fuel in Primary Air Pipes Using Electrostatic Sensing Techniques","volume":"66","author":"Qian","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2018.04.048","article-title":"Online monitoring and characterization of dense phase pneumatically conveyed coal particles on a pilot gasifier by electrostatic-capacitance-integrated instrumentation system","volume":"125","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Yang, W., Zhang, J., and Wang, H. (2017). In-Line Sensors for Real-Time Measurement and Analysis of Bulk Dry Powder. International Fine Particle Research Institute (IFPRI) Review, IFPRI. SAR-29-14."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Bindemann, K., and Colechin, M. (1997). On-Line Measurement of PF Flow and Carbon-in-Ash: Its Present Technology Status and Future Development, PowerGen Ltd.. Powergen, Power Technology, Report PT\/97\/RA304\/R."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2001). UK Capability-Research and Development in Cleaner Coal Technologies, DTI Report CB011."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Miller, D., Baimbridge, P., and Eyre, D. (2000). Technology Status Review of PF Flow Measurement and Control Methods for Utility Boilers. PowerGen Plc Report, Kingsnorth Power Station. Report No. COAL R201 DTI\/Pub URN 00\/1445."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Wiatros-Motyka, M. (2016). Optimising fuel flow in pulverised coal and biomass-fired boilers. IEA Clean Coal Centre, IEA. Report, CCC\/263."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/7\/12\/002","article-title":"Mass flow measurement of bulk solids in pneumatic pipelines","volume":"7","author":"Yan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ariyaratne, W.K.H., Ratnayake, C., and Melaaen, M.C. (2018). CFD modeling of dilute phase pneumatic conveying in a horizontal pipe using Euler\u2013Euler approach. Part. Sci. Technol., 1\u20139.","DOI":"10.1080\/02726351.2018.1435595"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"092016","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1065\/9\/092016","article-title":"Profiling of pulverized fuel flow in a square-shaped pneumatic conveying pipe using electrostatic sensor arrays","volume":"1065","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2018.07.074","article-title":"Experimental study on the particle velocity development profile and acceleration length in horizontal dilute phase pneumatic conveying systems","volume":"339","author":"Santo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Coulthard, J., and Cheng, R. (2001). Flow Metering. (6305231), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"054006","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6501\/aa6221","article-title":"Real-time model-based image reconstruction with a prior calculated database for electrical capacitance tomography","volume":"28","author":"Frias","year":"2017","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Yang, W. (2001, January 29\u201331). Advance in AC-based capacitance tomography system. Proceedings of the 2nd World Congress on Industrial Process Tomography, Hannover, Germany."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125105","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/26\/12\/125105","article-title":"Physical limitations on spatial resolution in electrical capacitance tomography","volume":"26","author":"Lucas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1080\/00986440902936356","article-title":"Analyses of Characteristics of Ring-shaped Electrostatic Meter","volume":"197","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Commun."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/22\/4963\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:34:24Z","timestamp":1760189664000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/22\/4963"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s19224963"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19224963","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]]}}}