{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T13:32:16Z","timestamp":1770816736724,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,16]],"date-time":"2019-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010198","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CTQ2016-80170-P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CTQ2016-80170-P"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010198","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003741","name":"Instituci\u00f3 Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avan\u00e7ats","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Icrea Academia"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Icrea Academia"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003741","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The presented manuscript reports the simultaneous detection of a ternary mixture of the benzodiazepines diazepam, lorazepam, and flunitrazepam using an array of voltammetric sensors and the electronic tongue principle. The electrodes used in the array were selected from a set of differently modified graphite epoxy composite electrodes; specifically, six electrodes were used incorporating metallic nanoparticles of Cu and Pt, oxide nanoparticles of CuO and WO3, plus pristine electrodes of epoxy-graphite and metallic Pt disk. Cyclic voltammetry was the technique used to obtain the voltammetric responses. Multivariate examination using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) justified the choice of sensors in order to get the proper discrimination of the benzodiazepines. Next, a quantitative model to predict the concentrations of mixtures of the three benzodiazepines was built employing the set of voltammograms, and was first processed with the Discrete Wavelet Transform, which fed an artificial neural network response model. The developed model successfully predicted the concentration of the three compounds with a normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) of 0.034 and 0.106 for the training and test subsets, respectively, and coefficient of correlation R \u2265 0.938 in the predicted vs. expected concentrations comparison graph.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19225002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,18]],"date-time":"2019-11-18T04:31:10Z","timestamp":1574051470000},"page":"5002","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Voltammetric Electronic Tongue for the Simultaneous Determination of Three Benzodiazepines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Herrera-Chac\u00f3n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensors and Biosensors Group, Department of Chemistry Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, Edifici Cn, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1710-5461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farzad","family":"Torabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensors and Biosensors Group, Department of Chemistry Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, Edifici Cn, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417466191, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farnoush","family":"Faridbod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417466191, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jahan B.","family":"Ghasemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417466191, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreu","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Calabuig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensors and Biosensors Group, Department of Chemistry Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, Edifici Cn, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1032-8611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manel","family":"del Valle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensors and Biosensors Group, Department of Chemistry Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, Edifici Cn, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2015.02.017","article-title":"Analytical methodologies for the determination of benzodiazepines in biological samples","volume":"113","author":"Persona","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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