{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T16:08:54Z","timestamp":1776701334641,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,18]],"date-time":"2019-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Liguo Lu","award":["41804020, 41774031; DHBK2017153; 17-01-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41804020, 41774031; DHBK2017153; 17-01-10"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Reliable and accurate carrier phase ambiguity resolution is the key to high-precision Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning and application. With the fast development of modern GNSS, the increased number of satellites and ambiguities makes it hard to fix all ambiguities completely and correctly. The partial ambiguity fixing technique, which selects a suitable subset of high-dimensional ambiguities to fix, is beneficial for improving the fixed success rate and reliability of ambiguity resolution. In this contribution, the bootstrapping success rate, bounded fixed-failure ratio test, and the new defined baseline precision defect are used for the selection of the ambiguity subset. Then a model and data dual-driven partial ambiguity resolution method is proposed with the above three checks imposed on it, which is named the Triple Checked Partial Ambiguity Resolution (TC-PAR). The comprehensive performance of TC-PAR compared to the full-fixed LAMBDA method is also analyzed based on several criteria including the fixed rate, the fixed success rate and correct fixed rate of ambiguity as well as the precision defect and RMS of the baseline solution. The results show that TC-PAR could significantly improve the fixed success rate of ambiguity, and it has a comparable baseline precision to the LAMBDA method, both of which are at centimeter level after ambiguities are fixed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19225034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,18]],"date-time":"2019-11-18T11:18:48Z","timestamp":1574075928000},"page":"5034","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["A Triple Checked Partial Ambiguity Resolution for GPS\/BDS RTK Positioning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Liguo","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geomatics, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Research Institute of Surveying and Mapping, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geo-information Engineering, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liye","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wanke","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tangting","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geomatics, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benfu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geomatics, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-013-0360-6","article-title":"GNSS multi-carrier fast partial ambiguity resolution strategy tested with real BDS\/GPS dual- and triple-frequency observations","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Teunissen, P.J.G., Joosten, P., and Tiberius, C. 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