{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:51:06Z","timestamp":1760241066183,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,19]],"date-time":"2019-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004956","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Verkehr, Innovation und Technologie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BMVIT Endowed Professorship and Chair for Sustainable Transport Logistics 4.0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMVIT Endowed Professorship and Chair for Sustainable Transport Logistics 4.0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004956","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010716","name":"Magistrat der Stadt Wien","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Call16-02 Fachhochschulf\u00f6rderung"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Call16-02 Fachhochschulf\u00f6rderung"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010716","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Driver disregard for the minimum safety distance increases the probability of rear-end collisions. In order to contribute to active safety on the road, we propose in this work a low-cost Forward Collision Warning system that captures and processes images. Using cameras located in the rear section of a leading vehicle, this system serves the purpose of discouraging tailgating behavior from the vehicle driving behind. We perform in this paper the pertinent field tests to assess system performance, focusing on the calculated distance from the processing of images and the error margins in a straight line, as well as in a curve. Based on the evaluation results, the current version of the Tailigator can be used at speeds up to 50 km per hour without any restrictions. The measurements showed similar characteristics both on the straight line and in the curve. At close distances, between 3 and 5 m, the values deviated from the real value. At average distances, around 10 to 15 m, the Tailigator achieved the best results. From distances higher than 20 m, the deviations increased steadily with the distance. We contribute to the state of the art with an innovative low-cost system to identify tailgating behavior and raise awareness, which works independently of the rear vehicle\u2019s communication capabilities or equipment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19225044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,19]],"date-time":"2019-11-19T11:30:17Z","timestamp":1574163017000},"page":"5044","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Empirical Analysis of Safe Distance Calculation by the Stereoscopic Capturing and Processing of Images Through the Tailigator System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8609-1406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerd Christian","family":"Krizek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Applied Mathematics and Physics, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, 1200 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rene","family":"Hausleitner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Applied Mathematics and Physics, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, 1200 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1619-4180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"B\u00f6hme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Applied Mathematics and Physics, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, 1200 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5211-3598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Olaverri-Monreal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Sustainable Transport Logistics 4.0, Johannes Kepler University, 4040 Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1080\/00423110903365910","article-title":"A comprehensive review of the development of adaptive cruise control systems","volume":"48","author":"Xiao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Veh. 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