{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T01:30:49Z","timestamp":1783042249573,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,19]],"date-time":"2019-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Low altitude, small radar cross-section (RCS), and slow speed (LSS) targets, for example small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), have become increasingly significant. In this paper, we propose a new automatic target recognition (ATR) system and a complete ATR chain based on multi-dimensional features and multi-layer classifier system using L-band holographic staring radar. We consider all steps of the processing required to make a classification decision out of the raw radar data, mainly including preprocessing for the raw measured Doppler data including regularization and main frequency alignment, selection, and extraction of effective features in three dimensions of RCS, micro-Doppler, and motion, and multi-layer classifier system design. We design creatively a multi-layer classifier system based on directed acyclic graph. Helicopters, small fixed-wing, and rotary-wing UAVs, as well as birds are considered for classification, and the measured data collected by L-band radar demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed complete ATR classification system. The results show that the ATR classification system based on multi-dimensional features and k-nearest neighbors (KNN) classifier is the best, compared with support vector machine (SVM) and back propagation (BP) neural networks, providing the capability of correct classification with a probability of around 97.62%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19225048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,19]],"date-time":"2019-11-19T11:30:17Z","timestamp":1574163017000},"page":"5048","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["A Complete Automatic Target Recognition System of Low Altitude, Small RCS and Slow Speed (LSS) Targets Based on Multi-Dimensional Feature Fusion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Qi","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Automatic Target Recognition, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Automatic Target Recognition, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Automatic Target Recognition, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Automatic Target Recognition, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Toscano, M. 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