{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:50:58Z","timestamp":1760241058879,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,20]],"date-time":"2019-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan, R.O.C.","award":["MOST 108-2218-E-008-007-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 108-2218-E-008-007-"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article presents a high-voltage (HV) pulse driver based on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology for biomedical ultrasound actuators and multi-channel portable imaging systems specifically. The pulse driver, which receives an external low-voltage drive signal and produces high-voltage pulses with a balanced rising and falling edge, is designed by synthesizing high-speed, capacitor-coupled level-shifters with a high-voltage H-bridge output stage. In addition, an on-chip floating power supply has also been developed to simplify powering the entire system and reduce static power consumption. The electrical and acoustic performance of the integrated eight-channel pulse driver has been verified by using medical-grade ultrasound probes to acquire the transmit\/echo signals. The driver can produce pulse signals &gt;100 Vpp with rise and fall times within 18.6 and 18.5 ns, respectively. The static power required to support the overall system is less than 3.6 mW, and the power consumption of the system during excitation is less than 50 mW per channel. The second harmonic distortion of the output pulse signal is as low as \u221240 dBc, indicating that the integrated multi-channel pulse driver can be used in advanced portable ultrasonic imaging systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19235063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,20]],"date-time":"2019-11-20T11:06:03Z","timestamp":1574247963000},"page":"5063","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Single-Chip High-Voltage Integrated Actuator for Biomedical Ultrasound Scanners"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Chin","family":"Hsia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi-Chi","family":"Hsiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yen-Chung","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 31040, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cobbold, R.S. (2007). Foundations of Biomedical Ultrasound, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195168310.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Averkiou, M.A. (2000, January 22\u201325). Tissue harmonic imaging. Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, San Juan, PR, USA."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2018.2844869","article-title":"Development of Dual-Frequency Oblong-Shaped-Focused Transducers for Intravascular Ultrasound Tissue Harmonic Imaging","volume":"65","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2006.884397","article-title":"Harmonic Beamforming: Performance Analysis and Imaging Results","volume":"55","author":"Trucco","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huynh, T., Hoff, L., and Eggen, T. (2018, January 5). Sources of 2nd Harmonic Generation in a Medical Ultrasound Probe. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS), Kobe, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ULTSYM.2018.8579819"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Wu, J.X., Du, Y.C., Lin, C.H., Chen, P.J., and Chen, T. (2013, January 21\u201325). A novel bipolar pulse generator for high-frequency ultrasound system. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS), Prague, Czech Republic."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2002.1009345","article-title":"High-Performance Pulse Generator for Ultrasound Imaging","volume":"49","author":"Brown","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2007.259","article-title":"A low-cost bipolar pulse generator for high-frequency ultrasound applications","volume":"54","author":"Xu","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1109\/58.920701","article-title":"Harmonic Leakage and Image Quality Degradation in Tissue Harmonic Imaging","volume":"48","author":"Shen","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. control"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, H.J., Song, J., Chang, J.H., and Song, T.K. (2010, January 11\u201314). Ultrasound harmonic imaging using nonlinear chirp for cardiac imaging. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ULTSYM.2010.5935659"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MehdiBenane, Y., Bujoreanu, D., Lavarello, R., Bernard, A., Cachard, C., and Basset, O. (2018, January 5). Enhanced Second Harmonic Imaging Using a Pulse Compression Technique Combined with Ultrasound Pulse Inversion. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS), Kobe, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ULTSYM.2018.8579831"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2010.01.001","article-title":"Codedexcitation for ultrasound tissue harmonic imaging","volume":"50","author":"Song","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"316","article-title":"A CMOS High-Voltage Transmitter IC for Ultrasound Medical Imaging Applications","volume":"60","author":"Cha","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Express Briefs"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Haider, B. (2006, January 4\u20138). Power Drive Circuits for Diagnostic Medical Ultrasound. Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Power Semiconductor Devices and IC\u2019s, Naples, Italy."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"604","article-title":"A15-V Bidirectional Ultrasound Interface Analog Front-End IC for Medical Imaging Using Standard CMOS Technology","volume":"61","author":"Banuaji","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, D., Tan, M.T., Cha, H.K., Qu, J., Mei, Y., Yu, H., Basu, A., and Je, M. (2011, January 12\u201314). High-voltage pulser for ultrasound medical imaging applications. Proceedings of the 2011 International Symposium on Integrated Circuits, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISICir.2011.6131983"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2018.2828826","article-title":"A front-end ASIC with high-voltage transmit switching and receive digitization for 3-D forward-looking intravascular ultrasound imaging","volume":"53","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Hsia, C., Huang, Y., and Lu, C.W. (2013, January 21\u201325). Single-chip ultra-high slew-rate pulse generator for ultrasound scanner applications. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS), Prague, Czech Republic."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Maxim Integrated Products Inc. (2013). MAX14808, Octal Three-Level\/Quad Five-Level High-Voltage 2A Digital Pulsers with T\/R Switch, Maxim Integrated Products Inc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hitachi Ltd. (2010). HDL6V5540, Quad 5-Level RTZ, 100V, 2A Ultrasound Pulser, Hitachi Ltd.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6128(10)70460-2"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Texas Instruments (2013). LM-96550, Ultrasound Transmit Pulser, Texas Instruments."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"MD2130 (2011). High Speed Ultrasound Beamforming Source Driver, Supertex."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1587\/transcom.2018HMP0001","article-title":"Design of integrated high voltage pulse generator for medical ultrasound transmitters","volume":"E102-B","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEICE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y.C., Chen, K.T., Lu, K.Y., Hsia, C., and Hsiao, Y.C. (2019, January 20\u201322). Multiple-Channel High-Voltage Power Drive Circuit for Medical Ultrasound Scanners. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics\u2014Taiwan (IEEE 2019 ICCE-TW), Yilan, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCE-TW46550.2019.8991944"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Oppenheim, A.V., and Willsky, A.S. (1982). Signals and Systems, Prentice Hall."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.1109\/TED.2015.2421292","article-title":"250 V Thin-Layer SOI Technology With Field pLDMOS for High-Voltage Switching IC","volume":"62","author":"Qiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Electron Devices"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/23\/5063\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:36:02Z","timestamp":1760189762000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/23\/5063"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,20]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s19235063"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19235063","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,20]]}}}