{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T04:56:01Z","timestamp":1784264161321,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,20]],"date-time":"2019-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41876105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41876105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41371436"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41371436"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Foundation of Science and Technology on Near-surface Detection Laboratory","award":["TCGZ2017A008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCGZ2017A008"]}]},{"name":"Information Engineering University Foundation for the Excellent Young","award":["2016610902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016610902"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Airborne LiDAR bathymetry (ALB) has shown great potential in shallow water and coastal mapping. However, due to the variability of the waveforms, it is hard to detect the signals from the received waveforms with a single algorithm. This study proposed a depth-adaptive waveform decomposition method to fit the waveforms of different depths with different models. In the proposed method, waveforms are divided into two categories based on the water depth, labeled as \u201cshallow water (SW)\u201d and \u201cdeep water (DW)\u201d. An empirical waveform model (EW) based on the calibration waveform is constructed for SW waveform decomposition which is more suitable than classical models, and an exponential function with second-order polynomial model (EFSP) is proposed for DW waveform decomposition which performs better than the quadrilateral model. In solving the model\u2019s parameters, a trust region algorithm is introduced to improve the probability of convergence. The proposed method is tested on two field datasets and two simulated datasets to assess the accuracy of the water surface detected in the shallow water and water bottom detected in the deep water. The experimental results show that, compared with the traditional methods, the proposed method performs best, with a high signal detection rate (99.11% in shallow water and 74.64% in deep water), low RMSE (0.09 m for water surface and 0.11 m for water bottom) and wide bathymetric range (0.22 m to 40.49 m).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19235065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,20]],"date-time":"2019-11-20T11:06:03Z","timestamp":1574247963000},"page":"5065","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["A Depth-Adaptive Waveform Decomposition Method for Airborne LiDAR Bathymetry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Shuai","family":"Xing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Geospatial Information, Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University, 62 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology on Near-surface Detection Laboratory, 160 Tonghui Road, Wuxi 214035, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9860-0650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dandi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Geospatial Information, Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University, 62 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Geospatial Information, Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University, 62 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuzhun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Geospatial Information, Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University, 62 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengcheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Geospatial Information, Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University, 62 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Geospatial Information, Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University, 62 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinlei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Geospatial Information, Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University, 62 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenbo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Geospatial Information, Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University, 62 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(69)90088-1","article-title":"Application of an airborne pulsed laser for near shore bathymetric measurements","volume":"1","author":"Hickman","year":"1969","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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