{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:51:25Z","timestamp":1760241085220,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,20]],"date-time":"2019-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Science Foundation of China","award":["No.61901419"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.61901419"]}]},{"name":"Shanxi Provincial Youth Fund Funding","award":["No.201801D221205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.201801D221205"]}]},{"name":"Shanxi Provincial University Innovation Project Funding","award":["No. 201802083"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 201802083"]}]},{"name":"Equipment Pre-research Weapons Industry Joint Fund","award":["No. 6141B012904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 6141B012904"]}]},{"name":"Equipment pre-research weapon equipment joint fund","award":["(No. 6141B021303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(No. 6141B021303"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The positioning technology to find shallow underground vibration sources based on a wireless sensor network is receiving great interest in the field of underground position measurements. The slow peaking and strong multi-waveform aliasing typical of the underground vibration signal result in a low extraction accuracy of the time difference and a poor source-positioning accuracy. At the same time, the transmission of large amounts of sensor data and the host computer\u2019s slow data processing speed make locating a source a slow process. To address the above problems, this paper proposes a method for high-precision time-difference measurements in near-field blasting and a method for its hardware implementation. First, based on the broadband that is typical of blast waves, the peak frequency of the P-wave was obtained in the time\u2013frequency domain, taking advantage of the difference in the propagation speed of the P-wave, S-wave, and the surface wave. Second, the phase difference between two sensor nodes was found by means of a spectral decomposition and a correlation measurement. Third, the phase ambiguity was eliminated using the time interval of the first break and the dynamic characteristics of the sensors. Finally, following a top-down design idea, the hardware system was designed using Field Programmable Gate Array(FPGA). Verification, using both numerical simulations and experiments, suggested that compared with generalized cross-correlation-based time-difference measurement methods, the proposed method produced a higher time-difference resolution and accuracy. Compared with the traditional host computer post-position positioning method, the proposed method was significantly quicker. It can be seen that the proposed method provides a new solution for solving high-precision and quick source-location problems, and affords a technical means for developing high-speed, real-time source-location instruments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19235067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,20]],"date-time":"2019-11-20T11:06:03Z","timestamp":1574247963000},"page":"5067","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Method of FPGA-Based Extraction of High-Precision Time-Difference Information and Implementation of Its Hardware Circuit"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2282-9624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory of Information Detection and Processing, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Electronic Measurement Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinlei","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory of Information Detection and Processing, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maojin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory of Information Detection and Processing, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory of Information Detection and Processing, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory of Information Detection and Processing, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2018.2833546","article-title":"ADMM-based TDOA Estimation","volume":"22","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. 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