{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T23:32:26Z","timestamp":1762299146882,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,20]],"date-time":"2019-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["465741\/2014-2 INCT Cybersecurity, 303343\/2017-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["465741\/2014-2 INCT Cybersecurity, 303343\/2017-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23038.007604\/2014-69 FORTE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23038.007604\/2014-69 FORTE"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005668","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Apoio \u00e0 Pesquisa do Distrito Federal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0193.001366\/2016 UIoT, 0193.001365\/2016 SSDDC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0193.001366\/2016 UIoT, 0193.001365\/2016 SSDDC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005668","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"LATITUDE\/UnB Laboratory","award":["23106.099441\/2016-43 SDN"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23106.099441\/2016-43 SDN"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of the Economy","award":["005\/2016 DIPLA, 011\/2016 SEST and 083\/2016 216 ENAP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["005\/2016 DIPLA, 011\/2016 SEST and 083\/2016 216 ENAP"]}]},{"name":"Institutional Security Office of the Presidency of the Republic of Brazil","award":["002\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["002\/2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receivers currently achieve high accuracy when processing their geographic location under line of sight (LOS), multipath interference and noise degrades the accuracy considerably. In order to mitigate multipath interference, receivers based on multiple antennas became the focus of research and technological development. In this context, tensor-based approaches based on Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC) models have been proposed in the literature, providing optimum performance. State-of-the-art techniques for antenna array based GNSS receivers compute singular value decomposition (SVD) for each new sample, implying into a high computational complexity, being, therefore, prohibitive for real-time applications. Therefore, in order to reduce the computational complexity of the parameter estimates, subspace tracking algorithms are essential. In this work, we propose a tensor-based subspace tracking framework to reduce the overall computational complexity of the highly accurate tensor-based time-delay estimation process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19235076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,20]],"date-time":"2019-11-20T11:06:03Z","timestamp":1574247963000},"page":"5076","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Tensor-Based Subspace Tracking for Time-Delay Estimation in GNSS Multi-Antenna Receivers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6385-5298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caio C. R.","family":"Garcez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4632-082X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Valle","family":"de Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2443-3372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo Kehrle","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7100-7304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1bio","family":"Mendon\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8616-4924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo C. L.","family":"da Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3149-6307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 L. F.","family":"de Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telefinformatics Engineering, Federal University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza 60455-760, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1101-3029","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Rafael T.","family":"de Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teunissen, P.J., and Montenbruck, O. (2017). Springer Handbook of Global Navigation Satellite Systems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-42928-1"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, C., Lee, S., and Chung, C.C. (2015, January 15\u201318). 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