{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:51:16Z","timestamp":1760241076975,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,22]],"date-time":"2019-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, the characterization of the main techniques and transducers employed to measure local and global strains induced by uniaxial loading of murine tibiae is presented. Micro strain gauges and digital image correlation (DIC) were tested to measure local strains, while a moving coil motor-based length transducer was employed to measure relative global shortening. Local strain is the crucial parameter to be measured when dealing with bone cell mechanotransduction, so we characterized these techniques in the experimental conditions known to activate cell mechanosensing in vivo. The experimental tests were performed using tibia samples excised from twenty-two C57BL\/6 mice. To evaluate measurement repeatability we computed the standard deviation of ten repetitive compressions to the mean value. This value was lower than 3% for micro strain gauges, and in the range of 7%\u201310% for DIC and the length transducer. The coefficient of variation, i.e., the standard deviation to the mean value, was about 35% for strain gauges and the length transducer, and about 40% for DIC. These results provided a comprehensive characterization of three methodologies for local and global bone strain measurement, suggesting a possible field of application on the basis of their advantages and limitations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19235109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,22]],"date-time":"2019-11-22T09:02:52Z","timestamp":1574413372000},"page":"5109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Detection of the Strains Induced in Murine Tibias by Ex Vivo Uniaxial Loading with Different Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2314-6128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuele","family":"Rizzuto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Peruzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multifactorial Disease and Complex Phenotype Research Area, Children\u2019s Hospital Bambino Ges\u00f9, 00146 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariagrazia","family":"Giudice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9746-1668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrica","family":"Urciuoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multifactorial Disease and Complex Phenotype Research Area, Children\u2019s Hospital Bambino Ges\u00f9, 00146 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2235-5393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika","family":"Pittella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information, Telecommunication and Electronic Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3822-139X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuele","family":"Piuzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information, Telecommunication and Electronic Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2944-9739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Musar\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute Pasteur Cenci-Bolognetti, DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, IIM, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zaccaria","family":"Del Prete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, M.J., Brodt, M.D., Lynch, M.A., Stephens, A.L., Wood, D.J., and Civitelli, R. 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