{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T14:54:58Z","timestamp":1776092098175,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,22]],"date-time":"2019-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Guangdong Province Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation and Promotion Project","award":["No. 2019KJ102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2019KJ102"]}]},{"name":"the Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Project of China","award":["2017B030314155"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017B030314155"]}]},{"name":"the Guangzhou Science and Technology Project","award":["201804020034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201804020034"]}]},{"name":"Qinghai Province Science and Technology Planning Project","award":["2019-HZ-801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-HZ-801"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rapid and efficient assessment of cultivated land quality (CLQ) using remote sensing technology is of great significance for protecting cultivated land. However, it is difficult to obtain accurate CLQ estimates using the current satellite-driven approaches in the pressure-state-response (PSR) framework, owing to the limitations of linear models and CLQ spectral indices. In order to improve the estimation accuracy of CLQ, this study used four evaluation models (the traditional linear model; partial least squares regression, PLSR; back propagation neural network, BPNN; and BPNN with genetic algorithm optimization, GA-BPNN) to evaluate CLQ for determining the accurate evaluation model. In addition, the optimal satellite-derived indicator in the land state index was selected among five vegetation indices (the normalized vegetation index, NDVI; enhanced vegetation index, EVI; modified soil-adjusted vegetation index, MSAVI; perpendicular vegetation index, PVI; and soil-adjusted vegetation index, SAVI) to improve the prediction accuracy of CLQ. This study was conducted in Conghua District of Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China, based on Gaofen-1 (GF-1) data. The prediction accuracies from the traditional linear model, PLSR, BPNN, and GA-BPNN were compared using observations. The results demonstrated that (1) compared with other models (the traditional linear model: R2 = 0.14 and RMSE = 91.53; PLSR: R2 = 0.33 and RMSE = 74.58; BPNN: R2 = 0.50 and RMSE = 61.75), the GA-BPNN model based on EVI in the land state index provided the most accurate estimates of CLQ, with the R2 of 0.59 and root mean square error (RMSE) of 56.87, indicating a nonlinear relationship between CLQ and the prediction indicator; and (2) the GA-BPNN-based evaluation approach of CLQ in the PSR framework was driven to map CLQ of the study area using the GF-1 data, leading to an RMSE of 61.44 at the regional scale, implying that the GA-BPNN-based evaluation approach has the potential to map CLQ over large areas. This study provides an important reference for the high-accuracy prediction of CLQ based on remote sensing technology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19235127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,22]],"date-time":"2019-11-22T10:42:40Z","timestamp":1574419360000},"page":"5127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["The GA-BPNN-Based Evaluation of Cultivated Land Quality in the PSR Framework Using Gaofen-1 Satellite Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4892-9698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiping","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ziqing","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yueming","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Land Use and Consolidation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center for Land Information Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Construction Land Transformation, Ministry of Land and Resources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5419-4547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangxing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Department of Geography and Environmental Resources, College of Liberal Arts, Southern Illinois University Carbondale (SIUC), Carbondale, IL 62901, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5725-0460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A-Xing","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenhua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"601","article-title":"Protecting the productivity of cultivated lands. The viewpoints of farmers in Northern Evros","volume":"11","author":"Tampakis","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Environ. Prot. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3504","DOI":"10.3390\/su6063504","article-title":"Spatiotemporal pattern and driving forces of arable land-use intensity in China: Toward sustainable land management using emergy analysis","volume":"6","author":"Xie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.2518","article-title":"Farmland conversion decreases regional and national land quality in China","volume":"28","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12251","article-title":"Relationships among multiple aspects of agriculture\u2019s environmental impact and productivity: A meta-analysis to guide sustainable agriculture","volume":"92","author":"German","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/ejss.12216","article-title":"Soil, food security and human health: A review","volume":"66","author":"Oliver","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1071\/SR12228","article-title":"Monitoring and prediction of soil moisture spatial? temporal variations from a hydropedological perspective: A review","volume":"50","author":"Zhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soil Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proenv.2012.01.354","article-title":"GIS and RS based assessment of cultivated land quality of Shandong Province","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Procedia Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2009.07.002","article-title":"Towards realistic assessment of cultivated land quality in an ecologically fragile environment: A satellite imagery-based approach","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"71","article-title":"Cultivated Land Quality Assessment Based on SPOT Multispectral Remote Sensing Image: A Case Study in Jimo City of Shandong Province","volume":"27","author":"Fang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"133","article-title":"Comprehensive evaluation of cultivated land quality based on RS and PRA: A case study in Hengshan county","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci. Surv. Mapp."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Yu, X.J. (2012). GIS and RS Supported Quantitative Evaluation of Cultivated Land Productivity in Zhaodong City, Northeast Agricultural University."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"230","article-title":"Evaluation factors for cultivated land grade identification based on multi-spectral remote sensing","volume":"28","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2011.03.375","article-title":"Land Ecological Security Assessment for Bai Autonomous Prefecture of Dali Based Using PSR Model-with Data in 2009 as Case","volume":"5","author":"Ye","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Bao, S.D. (2000). Soil Agricultural Chemistry Analysis, China Agriculture Press."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8809(00)00183-3","article-title":"Land quality indicators: Research plan","volume":"81","author":"Dumanski","year":"2000","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2004.08.002","article-title":"Soil carbon and nitrogen changes as influenced by tillage and cropping systems in some Iowa soils","volume":"105","author":"Yin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Agr. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2007.02.012","article-title":"Temporal and spatial variability of soil organic matter and total nitrogen in an agricultural ecosystem as affected by farming practices","volume":"139","author":"Huang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(01)00274-7","article-title":"A simple interpretation of the surface temperature\/vegetation index space for assessment of surface moisture status","volume":"79","author":"Sandholt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2007.11.014","article-title":"Spatiotemporal variability of land surface moisture based on vegetation and temperature characteristics in Northern Shaanxi Loess Plateau, China","volume":"72","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Arid. Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S107","DOI":"10.1080\/03650340.2012.695862","article-title":"Long-term net N mineralization potential as an indicator for soil fertility: Chances and constraints","volume":"58","author":"Heumann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Agron. Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7348.2007.00126.x","article-title":"Can wheat yield be assessed by early measurements of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index?","volume":"150","author":"Marti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Appl. Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-003-0086-4","article-title":"Study on the interaction between NDVI profile and the growing status of crops","volume":"13","author":"Jiang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chin. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.06.006","article-title":"Development of a two-band enhanced vegetation index without a blue band","volume":"112","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1080\/07038992.1996.10855178","article-title":"Evaluation of Vegetation Indices and a modified simple ratio for boreal applications","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(88)90106-X","article-title":"A soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI)","volume":"25","author":"Huete","year":"1988","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.12.016","article-title":"Remote sensing of forest biophysical variables using HyMap imaging spectrometer data","volume":"95","author":"Schlerf","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s10333-005-0023-5","article-title":"Guidelines for soil conservation towards integrated basin management for sustainable development: A new approach based on the assessment of soil loss risk using remote sensing and GIS","volume":"3","author":"Yoshino","year":"2005","journal-title":"Paddy Water Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1057","article-title":"Correlation analysis between cultivated land quality and landscape pattern index in south hilly areas","volume":"34","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Jiangsu J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2009.03.017","article-title":"Can we measure ecological sustainability? Landscape pattern as an indicator for naturalness and land use intensity at regional, national and European level","volume":"10","author":"Renetzeder","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"122","article-title":"A Method for Estimating Quality-Improvement Potential of Cultivated Land in Land Consolidation Projects in Hilly Areas","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Southwest Univ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1080\/00220388.2018.1430772","article-title":"Roads and Rural Development in Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"54","author":"Berg","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dev. Stud."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"David, F. (1966). Nonlinear Estimation by Iterative Least Squares Procedure. Research Papers in Statistics, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-7439(01)00155-1","article-title":"PLS-regression: A basic tool of chemometrics","volume":"58","author":"Wold","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chemometr. Intell. Lab."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17990","DOI":"10.3390\/s150817990","article-title":"Hyperspectral Analysis of Soil Total Nitrogen in Subsided Land Using the Local Correlation Maximization-Complementary Superiority (LCMCS) Method","volume":"15","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, L., Hu, Y.-M., Zhou, W., Liu, Z.-H., Pan, Y.-C., Shi, Z., Wang, L., and Wang, G.-X. (2018). Estimation Methods for Soil Mercury Content Using Hyperspectral Remote Sensing. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10072474"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/358193","article-title":"Use of Airborne Hyperspectral Imagery to Map Soil Properties in Tilled Agricultural Fields","volume":"2011","author":"Hively","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1080\/02664763.2015.1120712","article-title":"Collinearity diagnostic applied in ridge estimation through the variance inflation factor","volume":"43","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Stat."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2016.07.043","article-title":"Study of genetic algorithm performance through design of multi-step LC compensator for time-varying nonlinear loads","volume":"48","author":"Saleh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, Y.P., Zhao, L., Hu, Y.M., Wang, G.X., Wang, L., and Liu, Z.H. (2019). Prediction of Soil Nutrient Contents Using Visible and Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy. ISPRS Int. J. Geo Inf., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8100437"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"298","article-title":"Method and its application of natural quality evaluation of arable land based on self-organizing feature map neural network","volume":"30","author":"Qie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2017.12.025","article-title":"Monitoring soil lead and zinc contents via combination of spectroscopy with extreme learning machine and other data mining methods","volume":"318","author":"Khosravi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geoderma. Int."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-008-0193-3","article-title":"Text categorization based on combination of modified back propagation neural network and latent semantic analysis","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neural Comput. Appl."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/23\/5127\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:36:52Z","timestamp":1760189812000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/23\/5127"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,22]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s19235127"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19235127","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,22]]}}}