{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T05:15:36Z","timestamp":1780550136516,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,23]],"date-time":"2019-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review shows recent trends in the use of nanoparticles as labels for electrochemical immunosensing applications. Some general considerations on the principles of both the direct detection based on redox properties and indirect detection through electrocatalytic properties, before focusing on the applications for mainly proteins detection, are given. Emerging use as blocking tags in nanochannels-based immunosensing systems is also covered in this review. Finally, aspects related to the analytical performance of the developed devices together with prospects for future improvements and applications are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19235137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]],"date-time":"2019-11-25T03:10:00Z","timestamp":1574651400000},"page":"5137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Nanoparticles as Emerging Labels in Electrochemical Immunosensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7721-5104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alba","family":"Iglesias-Mayor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NanoBioAnalysis Group-Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3917-4713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olaya","family":"Amor-Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NanoBioAnalysis Group-Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agust\u00edn","family":"Costa-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NanoBioAnalysis Group-Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9600-0253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo","family":"de la Escosura-Mu\u00f1iz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NanoBioAnalysis Group-Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2008.05.008","article-title":"Electrochemical analysis with nanoparticle-based biosystems","volume":"27","author":"Ambrosi","year":"2008","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. 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