{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T11:28:03Z","timestamp":1771673283218,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]],"date-time":"2019-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012149","name":"National Key Scientific Apparatus Development of Special Item","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016YFF0101400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFF0101400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012149","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A hexagonal photonic crystal fiber (PCF) sensor with a dual optofluidic channel based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect is proposed. The sensor characteristic is numerically explored by software integrated with the finite element method (FEM). The numerical results show that, when the analyte refractive index (RI) varies from 1.32 to 1.38, high linearity between resonance wavelength and analyte RI is obtained and the value of adjusted R2 is up to 0.9993. Simultaneously, the proposed sensor has maximum wavelength sensitivity (WS) of 5500 nm\/RIU and maximum amplitude sensitivity (AS) of 150 RIU\u22121, with an RI resolution of 1.82    \u00d7    10\u22125 RIU. Besides, owing to a simple structure and good tolerance of the proposed sensor, it can be easily fabricated by means of existing technology. The proposed sensor suggests promising applications in oil detection, temperature measurement, water quality monitoring, bio-sensing, and food safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19235150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]],"date-time":"2019-11-25T03:10:00Z","timestamp":1574651400000},"page":"5150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Photonic Crystal Fiber Plasmonic Sensor Based on Dual Optofluidic Channel"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2077-3284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nan","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optoelectronic Information and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, 516 Jungong Rd, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optoelectronic Information and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, 516 Jungong Rd, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinglian","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optoelectronic Information and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, 516 Jungong Rd, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optoelectronic Information and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, 516 Jungong Rd, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuedian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optoelectronic Information and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, 516 Jungong Rd, Shanghai 200093, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1364\/AOP.9.000257","article-title":"Recent advances in plasmonic photonic crystal fibers: design, fabrication and applications","volume":"9","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-013-9542-x","article-title":"Surface Plasmon Induced Polarization Splitting Based on Dual-Core Photonic Crystal Fiber with Metal Wire","volume":"8","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-015-9882-9","article-title":"Broadband Single-Polarization Photonic Crystal Fiber Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance for Polarization Filter","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-016-0342-y","article-title":"Simulation of the Sensing Performance of a Plasmonic Biosensor Based on Birefringent Solid-Core Microstructured Optical Fiber","volume":"12","author":"Popescu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2015.2432812","article-title":"Surface Plasmon Resonance Photonic Crystal Fiber Biosensor: A Practical Sensing Approach","volume":"27","author":"Rifat","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15716","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.23.015716","article-title":"Multi-channel SPR biosensor based on PCF for multi-analyte sensing applications","volume":"23","author":"Otupiri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-016-0289-z","article-title":"Analysis of Graphene-Based Photonic Crystal Fiber Sensor Using Birefringence and Surface Plasmon Resonance","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1124281","article-title":"Microstructured optical fibers as high-pressure microfluidic reactors","volume":"311","author":"Sazio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"358","article-title":"Photonic Crystal Fibers","volume":"24","author":"Russell","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAB.24.001661","article-title":"Photonic crystal fibers and fiber lasers (Invited)","volume":"24","author":"Knight","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. B-opt. Phys."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2014.2301153","article-title":"SPR Biosensor Based on Polymer PCF Coated With Conducting Metal Oxide","volume":"26","author":"Dash","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2014.2335716","article-title":"A Novel Birefrigent Photonic Crystal Fiber Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor","volume":"6","author":"Otupiri","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2015.2432079","article-title":"High Sensitivity of Refractive Index Sensor Based on Analyte-Filled Photonic Crystal Fiber With Surface Plasmon Resonance","volume":"7","author":"Fan","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2015.08.1107","article-title":"A Novel Photonic Crystal Fiber Biosensor Using Surface Plasmon Resonance","volume":"140","author":"Rifat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20313","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.020313","article-title":"Surface plasmon resonance biosensor based on gold-coated side-polished hexagonal structure photonic crystal fiber","volume":"25","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14227","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.014227","article-title":"Mid-infrared surface plasmon resonance sensor based on photonic crystal fibers","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.33.002108","article-title":"Dodecagonal photonic quasi-crystal fiber with high birefringence","volume":"33","author":"Cai","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. A Opt. Image Sci. Vision"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7007","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.23.007007","article-title":"Ultra-high tunable liquid crystal-plasmonic photonic crystal fiber polarization filter","volume":"23","author":"Hameed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2014.06.041","article-title":"A polarization filter of gold-filled photonic crystal fiber with regular triangular and rectangular lattices","volume":"331","author":"An","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2484","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2016.2541220","article-title":"Tunable Fiber Polarization Filter by Filling Different Index Liquids and Gold Wire Into Photonic Crystal Fiber","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2017.08.029","article-title":"Design of a novel photonic crystal fiber filter based on gold-coated and elliptical air holes","volume":"73","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Mater."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2868","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2015.2419175","article-title":"Efficient Polarization Filter Design Based on Plasmonic Photonic Crystal Fiber","volume":"33","author":"Heikal","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-015-0070-8","article-title":"Surface Plasmon Induced Polarization Filter Based on Au Wires and Liquid Crystal Infiltrated Photonic Crystal Fibers","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13733","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.013733","article-title":"Polarization filter characters of the gold-coated and the liquid filled photonic crystal fiber based on surface plasmon resonance","volume":"21","author":"Xue","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3580","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2005.855855","article-title":"Numerical modeling of photonic crystal fibers","volume":"23","author":"Saitoh","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4972","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2016.2603986","article-title":"Filtering Characteristics and Applications of Photonic Crystal Fibers Being Selectively Infiltrated With One Aluminum Rod","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.11.000843","article-title":"Chromatic dispersion control in photonic crystal fibers: application to ultra-flattened dispersion","volume":"11","author":"Saitoh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19582","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.019582","article-title":"Fiber based polarization filter for radially and azimuthally polarized light","volume":"19","author":"Jocher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.55.001262","article-title":"High-birefringence photonic crystal fiber polarization filter based on surface plasmon resonance","volume":"55","author":"An","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-017-0602-5","article-title":"Polarization Characteristics of High-Birefringence Photonic Crystal Fiber Selectively Coated with Silver Layers","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3799","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.003799","article-title":"Polarization characteristics of photonic crystal fibers selectively filled with metal wires into cladding air holes","volume":"19","author":"Nagasaki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13617","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.16.013617","article-title":"Long-range spiralling surface plasmon modes on metallic nanowires","volume":"16","author":"Schmidt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5232","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.005232","article-title":"Polarization-dependent coupling in gold-filled dual-core photonic crystal fibers","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2772","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2017.2697725","article-title":"Magneto-Modulating Polarization Converter Based on a Dual-Core Photonic Crystal Fiber","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5974","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.005974","article-title":"A multi-core holey fiber based plasmonic sensor with large detection range and high linearity","volume":"20","author":"Shuai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-016-0453-5","article-title":"A Highly Sensitive Dual-Core Photonic Crystal Fiber Based on a Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor with Silver-Graphene Layer","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9039","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.009039","article-title":"Symmetrical dual D-shape photonic crystal fibers for surface plasmon resonance sensing","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.33.000563","article-title":"Highly sensitive refractometer with a photonic-crystal-fiber long-period grating","volume":"33","author":"Rindorf","year":"2008","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2500","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.33.002500","article-title":"Planar waveguide-coupled, high-index-contrast, high-Q resonators in chalcogenide glass for sensing","volume":"33","author":"Hu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14376","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.15.014376","article-title":"Optical liquid ring resonator sensor","volume":"15","author":"Sumetsky","year":"2007","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2017.2769720","article-title":"Spiral Photonic Crystal Fiber-Based Dual-Polarized Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor","volume":"18","author":"Hasan","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s11082-016-0423-3","article-title":"Highly sensitive D shaped PCF sensor based on SPR for near IR","volume":"48","author":"Dash","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2016.09.111","article-title":"A systematic study of linear and nonlinear properties of photonic crystal fibers","volume":"127","author":"Saghaei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1080\/09500340.2018.1454526","article-title":"Dispersion-compensating photonic crystal fiber with wavelength tunability based on a modified dual concentric core structure","volume":"65","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mod. Opt."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111102","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2982083","article-title":"Polarization-dependent coupling to plasmon modes on submicron gold wire in photonic crystal fiber","volume":"93","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"222","article-title":"Design of highly birefringent SF57 soft glass PCF with low effective mode area","volume":"33","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infrared Millimeter Waves"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25858","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.025858","article-title":"Coexistence of positive and negative refractive index sensitivity in the liquid-core photonic crystal fiber based plasmonic sensor","volume":"20","author":"Shuai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2014.01.003","article-title":"Analyte-filled core self-calibration microstructured optical fiber based plasmonic sensor for detecting high refractive index aqueous analyte","volume":"58","author":"Qin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/23\/5150\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:37:11Z","timestamp":1760189831000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/23\/5150"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s19235150"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19235150","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]]}}}