{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T18:08:14Z","timestamp":1767982094061,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]],"date-time":"2019-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The response to levodopa (LR) is important for managing Parkinson\u2019s Disease and is measured with clinical scales prior to (OFF) and after (ON) levodopa. The aim of this study was to ascertain whether an ambulatory wearable device could predict the LR from the response to the first morning dose. The ON and OFF scores were sorted into six categories of severity so that separating Parkinson\u2019s Kinetigraph (PKG) features corresponding to the ON and OFF scores became a multi-class classification problem according to whether they fell below or above the threshold for each class. Candidate features were extracted from the PKG data and matched to the class labels. Several linear and non-linear candidate statistical models were examined and compared to classify the six categories of severity. The resulting model predicted a clinically significant LR with an area under the receiver operator curve of 0.92. This study shows that ambulatory data could be used to identify a clinically significant response to levodopa. This study has also identified practical steps that would enhance the reliability of this test in future studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19235153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]],"date-time":"2019-11-25T05:52:58Z","timestamp":1574661178000},"page":"5153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Prediction of the Levodopa Challenge Test in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Using Data from a Wrist-Worn Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Hamid","family":"Khodakarami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Kinetics Pty Ltd., 31 Queens St., Melbourne 3000, Australia"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Ricciardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosciences Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George\u2019s University of London, Crammer Terrace, London SW18 0RE, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0312-184X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Contarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, K5-Q103 Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Haga Teaching Hospital, Els Borst-Eilersplein 275, 2545 AA The Hague, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Rajesh","family":"Pahwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Movement Disorder Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3599 Rainbow Blvd, MS 3042, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Lyons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Movement Disorder Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3599 Rainbow Blvd, MS 3042, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6604-8707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Geraedts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, K5-Q103 Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9834-3639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Morgante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosciences Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George\u2019s University of London, Crammer Terrace, London SW18 0RE, UK"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Leake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosciences Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George\u2019s University of London, Crammer Terrace, London SW18 0RE, UK"}]},{"given":"Dominic","family":"Paviour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosciences Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George\u2019s University of London, Crammer Terrace, London SW18 0RE, UK"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"De Angelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosciences Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George\u2019s University of London, Crammer Terrace, London SW18 0RE, UK"}]},{"given":"Malcolm","family":"Horne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia"},{"name":"St Vincent\u2019s Hospital, Fitzroy 3065, Australia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.1069","article-title":"Consensus statement on the role of acute dopaminergic challenge in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"16","author":"Albanese","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mov. 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