{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:04:52Z","timestamp":1787029492862,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,26]],"date-time":"2019-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010198","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TEC2015-65750-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TEC2015-65750-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010198","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a fully integrated Gm\u2013C low pass filter (LPF) based on a current steering Gm reduction-tuning technique, specifically designed to operate as the output stage of a SoC lock-in amplifier. To validate this proposal, a first-order and a second-order single-ended topology were integrated into a 1.8 V to 0.18 \u00b5m CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) process, showing experimentally a tuneable cutoff frequency that spanned five orders of magnitude, from tens of mHz to kHz, with a constant current consumption (below 3 \u00b5A\/pole), compact size (&lt;0.0140 mm2\/pole), and a dynamic range better than 70 dB. Compared to state-of-the-art solutions, the proposed approach exhibited very competitive performances while simultaneously fully satisfying the demanding requirements of on-chip portable measurement systems in terms of highly efficient area and power. This is of special relevance, taking into account the current trend towards multichannel instruments to process sensor arrays, as the total area and power consumption will be proportional to the number of channels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19235173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,26]],"date-time":"2019-11-26T10:57:27Z","timestamp":1574765847000},"page":"5173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["A CMOS Low Pass Filter for SoC Lock-in-Based Measurement Devices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8617-5703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"P\u00e9rez-Bail\u00f3n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Electronic Design, Aragon Institute for Engineering Research, I3A, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bel\u00e9n","family":"Calvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Electronic Design, Aragon Institute for Engineering Research, I3A, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5380-3013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicol\u00e1s","family":"Medrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Electronic Design, Aragon Institute for Engineering Research, I3A, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"2642","article-title":"A Near-Infrared Heart Rate Measurement IC with Very Low Cutoff Frequency Using Current Steering Technique","volume":"52","author":"Wong","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE TCASI"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"20","article-title":"A 230-nW 10-s Time Constant CMOS Integrator for an Adaptive Nerve Signal Amplifier","volume":"39","author":"Rieger","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE JSSC"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"2620","article-title":"A Tissue Impedance Measurement Chip for Myocardial Ischemia Detection","volume":"52","author":"Yufera","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE TCASI"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"93","article-title":"Analog Integrated Circuits Design for Processing Physiological Signals","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE R-BME"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Liu, X., Li, L., Mu, X., Genov, R., and Mason, A.J. (2017). CMOS Electrochemical Instrumentation for Biosensor Microsystems: A Review. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17010074"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaikh, M.O., Srikanth, B., Zhu, P.-Y., and Chuang, C.-H. (2019). Impedimetric Immunosensor Utilizing Polyaniline\/Gold Nanocomposite-Modified Screen-Printed Electrodes for Early Detection of Chronic Kidney Disease. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19183990"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez, A.O., Pinatti, C.A.O., Peris, R.M., and Laguarda-Mir\u00f3, N. (2019). Freeze-Damage Detection in Lemons Using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19184051"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ortiz-Aguayo, D., and del Valle, M. (2018). Label-Free Aptasensor for Lysozyme Detection Using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18020354"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., and Jiang, H. (2017). Construction and Potential Applications of Biosensors for Proteins in Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17122805"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, J., Dong, M., Santos, S., Rigatto, C., Liu, Y., and Lin, F. (2017). Lab-on-Chip Platforms for Detection of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer Biomarkers. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17122934"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2012.2202904","article-title":"Bioimpedance Analysis for the Characterization of Breast Cancer Cells in Suspension","volume":"59","author":"Qiao","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2017.01.031","article-title":"Detecting circulating antibodies by controlled surface modification with specific target proteins: Application to malaria","volume":"91","author":"Cardoso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badets, F., Coutard, J.-G., Russo, P., Dina, E., Gli\u00e8re, A., and Nicoletti, S. (November, January 30). A 1.3 mW, 12-bit Lock-In Amplifier Based Readout Circuit Dedicated to Photo-Acoustic Gas Sensing. Proceedings of the IEEE Sensors 2016, Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSENS.2016.7808928"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2019, November 24). Available online: https:\/\/www.thinksrs.com\/downloads\/PDFs\/ApplicationNotes\/AboutLIAs.pdf."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Meade, M.L. (1983). Lock-in Amplifiers: Principles and Applications, Peter Peregrinus Ltd.. Available online: https:\/\/sites.google.com\/site\/lockinamplifiers\/."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3735\/8\/8\/001","article-title":"Phase sensitive detection as a means to recover signals buried in noise","volume":"8","author":"Blair","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Phys. E Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1119\/1.17629","article-title":"Frequency-domain description of a lock-in amplifier","volume":"62","author":"Scofield","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00e1rquez, A., P\u00e9rez-Bail\u00f3n, J., Calvo, B., and Medrano, N. (2018). A CMOS Self-Contained Quadrature Signal Generator for SoC Impedance Spectroscopy. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18051382"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5690","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2016.2572732","article-title":"One-Decade Frequency Range, in-Phase Auto-Aligned 1.8 V 2 mW Fully Analog CMOS Integrated Lock-in Amplifier for Small\/Noisy Signal Detection","volume":"16","author":"Ferri","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valente, V., and Demosthenous, A. (2016). Wideband Fully-Programmable Dual-Mode CMOS Analogue Front-End for Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16081159"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"3514","article-title":"Ultralow-Power Synchronous Demodulation for Low-Level Sensor Signal Detection","volume":"68","author":"Calvo","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE TIM"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"171","article-title":"Linear-Phase Delay Filters for Ultra-Low-Power Signal Processing in Neural Recording Implants","volume":"4","author":"Gosselin","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE TBIOCAS"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"543","article-title":"A Power-Efficient Reconfigurable OTA-C Filter for Low-Frequency Biomedical Applications","volume":"65","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE TCASI"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, J., Yang, T., Jahan, M.S., and Holleman, J. (2014, January 3\u20136). A low-power 84-dB dynamic-range tunable Gm-C filter for bio-signal acquisition. Proceedings of the IEEE 57th International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS), College Station, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MWSCAS.2014.6908593"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"297","article-title":"A Bio-Realistic Analog CMOS Cochlea Filter with High Tunability and Ultra-Steep Roll-Off","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE TBIOCAS"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"533","article-title":"A Batteryless Sensor ASIC for Implantable Bio-Impedance Applications","volume":"10","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE TBIOCAS"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1522","article-title":"A Fully Integrated Single-Ended 1.5\u201315-Hz Low-Pass Filter with Linear Tuning Law","volume":"42","author":"Bruschi","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE JSSC"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"2009","article-title":"Nanowatt, Sub-nS OTAs, with Sub-10-mV Input Offset, Using Series-Parallel Current Mirrors","volume":"41","author":"Arnaud","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE JSSC"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"770","article-title":"Transconductance amplifier structures with very small transconductances: A comparative design approach","volume":"37","author":"Veeravalli","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE JSSC"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1391","article-title":"A 60-dB dynamic-range CMOS sixth-order 2.4-Hz low-pass filter for medical applications","volume":"47","author":"Maloberti","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE TCASII"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"56","article-title":"Low-Voltage OTA\u2013C Filter with an Area- and Power-Efficient OTA for Biosignal Sensor Applications","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE TBIOCAS"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"421","article-title":"A Fifth-Order Butterworth OTA-C LPF with Multiple-Output Differential-Input OTA for ECG Applications","volume":"65","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE TCASII"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"2290","article-title":"A 0.9-nW, 101-Hz, and 46.3-\u00b5Vrms IRN Low-Pass Filter for ECG Acquisition Using FVF Biquads","volume":"26","author":"Sawigun","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE TVLSI"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"301","article-title":"Capacitance Super Multiplier for Sub-Hertz Low-Pass Integrated Filters","volume":"65","author":"Germanovix","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE TCASII"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"351","article-title":"A sub-Hertz nanopower low pass filter","volume":"58","author":"Casson","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE TCASII"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sawigun, C., and Serdijn, W.A. (2012, January 20\u201323). A Modular Transconductance Reduction Technique for Very Low-Frequency Gm-C Filters. Proceedings of the IEEE ISCAS 2012, Seoul, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2012.6271445"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Bail\u00f3n, J., Marquez, A., Calvo, B., and Medrano, N. (2018, January 27\u201330). A 0.18\u03bcm CMOS Widely Tunable Low Pass Filter with sub-Hz Cutoff Frequencies. Proceedings of the IEEE ISCAS 2018, Florence, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2018.8351166"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1109\/MCD.1985.6311946","article-title":"Active Filter Design Using Operational Transconductance Amplifiers: A Tutorial","volume":"1","author":"Geiger","year":"1985","journal-title":"IEEE Circ. Devices Mag."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ram\u00edrez-Angulo, J., Sudha Gariemlla, S.R., and Lopez-Martin, A. (2006, January 6\u20139). New Gain Programmable Current Mirrors Based on Current Steering. Proceedings of the IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS), San Juan, Puerto Rico.","DOI":"10.1109\/MWSCAS.2006.382234"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2019, September 27). Maxim Integrated, MAX5413\/14\/15. Available online: https:\/\/datasheets.maximintegrated.com\/en\/ds\/MAX5413-MAX5415.pdf."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2019, September 27). Maxim Integrated, MAX5520. Available online: https:\/\/datasheets.maximintegrated.com\/en\/ds\/MAX5520-MAX5521.pdf."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"(2019, September 27). Maxim Integrated, MAX5530. Available online: https:\/\/datasheets.maximintegrated.com\/en\/ds\/MAX5530-MAX5531.pdf."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mejo.2016.03.008","article-title":"Analysis design of area efficient segmentation digital to analog converter for ultra-low power successive approximation analog to digital converter","volume":"52","author":"Sharuddin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microelectron. J."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Gosselin, B., Simard, V., and Sawan, M. (2003, January 4\u20137). Low power programmable front-end for a multichannel neural recording interface. Proceedings of the CCECE 2003\u2014Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering. Toward a Caring and Humane Technology, Montreal, QC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Bail\u00f3n, J., M\u00e1rquez, A., Calvo, B., and Medrano, N. (2018). A 0.18 \u00b5m CMOS LDO Regulator for an on-Chip Sensor Array Impedance Measurement System. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18051405"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2012.05.078","article-title":"Detection of organic vapours with Si cantilevers coated with inorganic (zeolites) for organic (polymer) layers","volume":"171\u2013172","author":"Urbiztondo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"1572","article-title":"A 1.2-V 450-\u03bcW Gm-C Bluetooth Channel Filter Using a Novel Gain-Boosted Tunable Transconductor","volume":"23","author":"Carvajal","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE TVLSI"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/23\/5173\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:37:35Z","timestamp":1760189855000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/23\/5173"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,26]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s19235173"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19235173","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,26]]}}}