{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T12:16:22Z","timestamp":1781180182103,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"GIS research Center, Feng Chia University Taiwan","award":["MOST20181128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST20181128"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, owing to the increase of extreme climate events due to global climate change, the foundational erosion of old bridges has become increasingly serious. When typhoons have approached, bridge foundations have been broken due to the insufficient bearing capacity of the bridge column. The bridge bottoming method involves rebuilding the lower structure while keeping the bridge surface open, and transferring the load of the bridge temporarily to the temporary support frame to remove the bridge base or damaged part with insufficient strength. This is followed by replacing the removed bridge base with a new bridge foundation that meets the requirements of flood and earthquake resistance. Meanwhile, monitoring plans should be coordinated during construction using the bottoming method to ensure the safety of the bridge. In the case of this study, the No. 3 line Wuxi Bridge had a maximum bridge age of 40 years, where the maximum exposed length of the foundation was up to 7.5 m, resulting in insufficient flood and earthquake resistance. Consequently, a reconstruction plan was carried out on this bridge. This study took the reconstruction of Wuxi Bridge as the object and established a finite element model using the SAP 2000 computer software based on the secondary reconstruction design of the Wuxi Bridge. The domestic bridge design specification was used as the basis for the static and dynamic analyses of the Wuxi Bridge model. As a result of the analysis, the management value of the monitoring instrument during construction was determined. The calculated management values were compared with the monitoring data during the construction period to determine the rationality of the management values and to explore changes in the behavior of the old bridges and temporary support bridges.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19235293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,2]],"date-time":"2019-12-02T10:50:45Z","timestamp":1575283845000},"page":"5293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Automatic Management and Monitoring of Bridge Lifting: A Method of Changing Engineering in Real-Time"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Yao Min","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geographic Information Systems Research Center, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tien Yin","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geographic Information Systems Research Center, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1869-7726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thanh Van","family":"Hoang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geographic Information Systems Research Center, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing Jean","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, College of Construction and Development, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Y.L., and Xia, Y. (2011). Structural Health Monitoring of Long-Span Suspension Bridges, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/b13182"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Roberts, G.W., Meng, X., and Dodson, A. (2001, January 19\u201322). The use of kinematic GPS and triaxial accelerometers to monitor the deflection of large bridges. Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Deformation Measurement, Orange, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"189","article-title":"Structural monitoring of the Great Belt East Bridge","volume":"94","author":"Andersen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Symp. Strait Crossings"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6105(02)00287-8","article-title":"Measurement of wind-induced response of buildings using RTK-GPS","volume":"90","author":"Tamura","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Sumitoro, S., Matsui, Y., Kono, M., Okamoto, T., and Fujii, K. (2011, January 4\u20138). Long span bridge health monitoring system in Japan. Proceedings of the 6th Annual International Symposium on NDE for Health Monitoring and Diagnostics, Newport Beach, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2005.09.018","article-title":"Fiber bragg grating sensor for structural health monitoring of Tsing Ma Bridge: Background and experimental observation","volume":"28","author":"Chan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.12989\/sss.2016.18.2.317","article-title":"Structural health monitoring system for Sutong cable-stayed bridge","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Smart Struct. Syst."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Recent development on wireless sensor network technology for bridge health monitoring","volume":"2013","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Math. Probl. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Structural health monitoring of innovative civil engineering structures in mainland China","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Struct. Monit. Maint."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Meng, X., Roberts, G.W., Dodson, A., Ince, S., and Waugh, S. (2006, January 22\u201324). GNSS for structural deformation and deflection monitoring: Implementation and data analysis. Proceedings of the 3rd IAG\/12th FIG Symposium, Baden, Germany."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"105","article-title":"Deflection and frequency monitoring of the Forth Road Bridge, Scotland, by GPS","volume":"165","author":"Roberts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Bridge Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Meng, X., Xie, Y., Bhatia, P., Sowter, A., Psimoulis, P., Colford, B., Ye, J., Skicko, M., Dimauro, M., and Ge, M. (April, January 30). Research and development of a pilot project using GNSS and Earth Observation (GeoSHM) for structural health monitoring of the Forth Road Bridge in Scotland. Proceedings of the Joint International Symposium on Deformation Monitoring, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, X., Nguyen, D.T., Xie, Y., Owen, J.S., Psimoulis, P., Ince, S., Chen, Q., Ye, J., and Bhatia, P. (2018). Design and Implementation of a New System for Large Bridge Monitoring\u2014GeoSHM. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18030775"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1155\/1997\/807239","article-title":"Sensitivity of parameter changes in structural damage detection","volume":"4","author":"Jenkins","year":"1997","journal-title":"Shock Vib."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Jang, P.A. (2011). Videogrammetric Technique-Based Monitoring of Structural Vibration. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Zhejiang University]."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1177\/1475921703036169","article-title":"Review paper: Health monitoring of civil infrastructure","volume":"2","author":"Chang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Struct. Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8444","DOI":"10.3390\/s150408444","article-title":"Bridge Displacement Monitoring Method Based on Laser Projection-Sensing Technology","volume":"15","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9453(1995)121:1(35)","article-title":"7-Dynamic Deformation Monitoring of Tall Structure Using GPS Technology","volume":"121","author":"Lovse","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Surv. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2007.09.006","article-title":"Measurement of deflections and of oscillation frequencies of engineering structures using robotic theodolites (RTS)","volume":"29","author":"Psimoulis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, J.T., Li, X.G., Xia, R.C., Yang, J., and Zhang, H. (2017). Health monitoring and evaluation of long-span bridges based on sensing and data analysis: A survey. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17030603"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16551","DOI":"10.3390\/s131216551","article-title":"Monitoring of structures and mechanical systems using virtual visual sensors for video analysis: Fundamental concept and proof of feasibility","volume":"13","author":"Schumacher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Palazzo, D., Friedmann, R., Nadal, C., Santos, F.M., Veiga, L., and Faggion, P. (2006, January 8\u201313). Dynamic monitoring of structures using a robotic total station. Proceedings of the Shaping the Change XXIII FIG Congress, Munich, Germany."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8667.2006.00466.x","article-title":"A New Approach for Health Monitoring of Structures: Terrestrial Laser Scanning","volume":"22","author":"Park","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comput. Aided Civ. Infrastruct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"215","article-title":"Study on Displacement Sensor Based on Difference Operation Spot Center Location Algorithm","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin. J. Sens. Actuators"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Andersen, E.Y. (1994, January 12\u201315). Structural monitoring of the Great Belt East Bridge. Proceedings of the Third Symposium on Strait Crossing, \u00c5lesund, Norway."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Myroll, F., and Dibiagio, E. (1994, January 12\u201315). Instrumentation for monitoring the Skarnsunder Cable-stayed Bridge. Proceedings of the 3rd Symposium on Strait Crossing, \u00c5lesund, Norway."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"181","article-title":"Field tests and simulation of Lion-Head River Bridge","volume":"48","author":"Fang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Shock Vib. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"675","article-title":"Buffeting response of long-span cable-supported bridges under skew winds. Part 2 case study","volume":"23","author":"Xu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"469","article-title":"Alkali-silica reaction in Southern-Finland\u2019s bridges","volume":"7","author":"Lahdensivu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Z., Zhou, X., Wang, X., Dong, L., and Qian, Y. (2017). Deployment of a smart structural health monitoring system for long-span Arch Bridges: A review and a case study. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17092151"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xin, J., Zhou, J., Yang, S.X., Li, X., and Wang, Y. (2018). Bridge Structure Deformation Prediction Based on GNSS Data Using Kalman-ARIMA-GARCH Model. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18010298"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bedon, C., Bergamo, E., Izzi, M., and No\u00e8, S. (2018). Prototyping and Validation of MEMS Accelerometers for Structural Health Monitoring\u2014The Case Study of the Pietratagliata Cable-Stayed Bridge. J. Sens. Actuator Netw., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jsan7030030"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reilly, J., and Glisic, B. (2018). Identifying Time Periods of Minimal Thermal Gradient for Temperature-Driven Structural Health Monitoring. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18030734"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thalla, O., and Stiros, S.C. (2018). Wind-Induced Fatigue and Asymmetric Damage in a Timber Bridge. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18113867"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(1990). Highway Bridge Design Code, (In Chinese)."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/23\/5293\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:39:04Z","timestamp":1760189944000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/23\/5293"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s19235293"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19235293","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]}}}