{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:07:57Z","timestamp":1780445277693,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,3]],"date-time":"2019-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The requirement of active localization techniques to attach a hardware device to the targets that need to be located can be difficult or even impossible for certain applications. For this reason, there has been an increasing interest in tagless or device-free localization (DFL) approaches. In particular, the research domain of RF-based device-free localization has been steadily evolving since its inception slightly over a decade ago. Many novel techniques have been developed regarding the three core aspects of DFL: detection, tracking, and identification. The increasing use of channel state information (CSI) has contributed considerably to these developments. In particular, the progress it enabled regarding the exceptionally difficult `identification problem\u2019 has been highly impressive. In this survey, we provide a comprehensive overview of this evolutionary process, describe essential DFL concepts and highlight several key techniques whose creation marked important milestones within this field of research. We do so in a structured manner in which each technique is categorized according to the DFL core aspect it emphasizes most. Additionally, we discuss current blocking issues within the state-of-the-art and suggest multiple high-level research directions which will aid in the search towards eventual solutions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19235329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,4]],"date-time":"2019-12-04T04:30:35Z","timestamp":1575433835000},"page":"5329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["A Survey on Detection, Tracking and Identification in Radio Frequency-Based Device-Free Localization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6447-6935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stijn","family":"Denis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IDLab\u2013Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp\u2013imec, Sint-Pietersvliet 7, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0064-5020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Berkvens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDLab\u2013Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp\u2013imec, Sint-Pietersvliet 7, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1152-6617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maarten","family":"Weyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDLab\u2013Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp\u2013imec, Sint-Pietersvliet 7, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2012.2213815","article-title":"GPS localization accuracy classification: A context-based approach","volume":"14","author":"Drawil","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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