{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T08:23:41Z","timestamp":1765268621235,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,4]],"date-time":"2019-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CASIC Aerospace Science and Technology Fund of China","award":["179000203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["179000203"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Fund of China","award":["SAST2015028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAST2015028"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To solve the problem of passive sensor data association in multi-sensor multi-target tracking, a novel linear-time direct data assignment (DDA) algorithm is proposed in this paper. Different from existing methods which solve the data association problem in the measurement domain, the proposed algorithm solves the problem directly in the target state domain. The number and state of candidate targets are preset in the region of interest, which can avoid the problem of combinational explosion. The time complexity of the proposed algorithm is linear with the number of sensors and targets while that of the existing algorithms are exponential. Computer simulations show that the proposed algorithm can achieve almost the same association accuracy as the existing algorithms, but the time consumption can be significantly reduced.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19245347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]],"date-time":"2019-12-05T03:16:36Z","timestamp":1575515796000},"page":"5347","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Linear-Time Direct Data Assignment Algorithm for Passive Sensor Measurements"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3932-7943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaoxin","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Complex Electromagnetic Environment Effects on Electronics and Information System, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Complex Electromagnetic Environment Effects on Electronics and Information System, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guizhou","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Complex Electromagnetic Environment Effects on Electronics and Information System, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fucheng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Complex Electromagnetic Environment Effects on Electronics and Information System, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoon, K., Kim, Y.D., Yoon, Y.C., and Jeon, M. (2019). Data Association for Multi-Object Tracking via Deep Neural Networks. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19030559"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1142\/S1793351X18400135","article-title":"A Fast-Iterative Data Association Technique for Multiple Object Tracking","volume":"12","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Semant. Comput."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsp.2017.10.020","article-title":"Iterative joint integrated probabilistic data association filter for multiple-detection multiple-target tracking","volume":"72","author":"Xie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Digit. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-cvi.2018.5499","article-title":"Online multiple object tracking using confidence score-based appearance model learning and hierarchical data association","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IET Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1109\/7.249134","article-title":"A comprehensive analysis of \u2019Neural solution to the multitarget tracking data association problem\u2019 by D. Sengupta and R.A. Iltis (1989)","volume":"29","author":"Zhou","year":"1993","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7315","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2018.2874430","article-title":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Based on Deep Neural Networks With Robustness to Array Imperfections","volume":"66","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2012.2222378","article-title":"Off-Grid Direction of Arrival Estimation Using Sparse Bayesian Inference","volume":"61","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1109\/MAES.2004.1263228","article-title":"Multiple hypothesis tracking for multiple target tracking","volume":"19","author":"Blackman","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Mag."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Popp, R., Kirubarajan, T., and Pattipati, K. (2000). Survey of Assignment Techniques for Multitarget Tracking, Artech House."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1109\/MAES.2005.1499275","article-title":"Probabilistic data association techniques for target tracking with applications to sonar, radar and EO sensors","volume":"20","author":"Kirubarajan","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Mag."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2011.5937289","article-title":"A Two-Stage Assignment-Based Algorithm for Asynchronous Multisensor Bearings-Only Tracking","volume":"47","author":"Sathyan","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Bar-Shalom, Y., and Blair, W.D. (2000). Multitarget-Multisensor Tracking Applications and Advances Vol III, Artech House."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5525","DOI":"10.1016\/S0362-546X(01)00656-3","article-title":"Solving the multisensor data association problem","volume":"47","author":"Andrijich","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nonlinear Anal."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1109\/7.532259","article-title":"Tracking in clutter with nearest neighbor filters: Analysis and performance","volume":"32","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00229300","article-title":"Tabu search for the planar three-index assignment problem","volume":"8","author":"Magos","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Glob. Optim."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"231","article-title":"Assignment Algorithms For The Passive Sensor Data Association Problem","volume":"1096","author":"Deb","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int. Soc. Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Pattipati, K.R., and Deb, S. (1989, January 3\u20136). Comparison of assignment algorithms with applications to the passive sensor data association problem. Proceedings of the ICCON IEEE International Conference on Control and Applications, Jerusalem, Israel."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1137\/0803027","article-title":"A Lagrangian relaxation algorithm for multidimensional assignment problems arising from multitarget tracking","volume":"3","author":"Poore","year":"1993","journal-title":"Siam J. Optim."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1109\/7.575891","article-title":"A generalized S-D assignment algorithm for multisensor-multitarget state estimation","volume":"33","author":"Somnath","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1109\/7.953245","article-title":"Fast data association using multidimensional assignment with clustering","volume":"37","author":"Chummun","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1117\/12.21597","article-title":"Passive-sensor data association for tracking: A PC software","volume":"1305","author":"Deb","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Optim. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02186476","article-title":"The auction algorithm: A distributed relaxation method for the assignment problem","volume":"14","author":"Bertsekas","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1109\/9.121621","article-title":"A new relaxation algorithm and passive sensor data association","volume":"37","author":"Pattipati","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Control"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2008.4560213","article-title":"Assignment costs for multiple sensor track-to-track association","volume":"44","author":"Kaplan","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.1984.310439","article-title":"Statistical Theory of Passive Location Systems","volume":"AES-20","author":"Torrieri","year":"1984","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, F., Fan, Y., Zhou, Y., Zhou, C., and Li, Q. (2014). Space Electronic Reconnaissance: Localization Theories and Methods, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118542200"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.2514\/3.51220","article-title":"A Multiple-Grid Scheme for Solving the Euler Equations","volume":"20","author":"Ni","year":"1982","journal-title":"AIAA J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chima, R., and Johnson, G. (1983). Efficient solution of the Euler and Navier-Stokes Equations with a vectorized multiple-grid algorithm. AIAA J., 23.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.1983-1893"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nebro, A.J., Durillo, J.J., Garcia-Nieto, J., Coello Coello, C.A., Luna, F., and Alba, E. (April, January 30). SMPSO: A new PSO-based metaheuristic for multi-objective optimization. Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence in Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM), Nashville, TN, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MCDM.2009.4938830"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2012.2227145","article-title":"A Grid-Based Evolutionary Algorithm for Many-Objective Optimization","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2018.2833544","article-title":"Performance Metric on the Best Achievable Accuracy for Hybrid TOA\/AOA Target Localization","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Kay, S.M. (1993). Fundamentals of Statistical Signal Processing, Estimation Theory, Prentice-Hall."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1109\/7.570737","article-title":"Discrete-time observability and estimability analysis for bearings-only target motion analysis","volume":"33","author":"Cadre","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.1981.309141","article-title":"Observability Criteria for Bearings-Only Target Motion Analysis","volume":"AES-17","author":"Nardone","year":"1981","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/24\/5347\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:40:10Z","timestamp":1760190010000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/24\/5347"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,4]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s19245347"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19245347","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,4]]}}}