{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:31:07Z","timestamp":1769905867337,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,4]],"date-time":"2019-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21804001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21804001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers","award":["K2019-24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K2019-24"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003995","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KJ2019ZD58"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJ2019ZD58"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003995","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intracellular GSH is the most abundant non-protein biothiol and acts as a central antioxidant to defend against aging toxins and radicals. Meanwhile abnormal level of intracellular GSH concentration is directly related to some diseases. In this case, detecting intracellular GSH rapidly and sensitively is of great significance. We synthesize a simple fluorescent probe (named GP) which can discriminate GSH from Cys (cysteine) or Hcy (homocysteine) and presents a 50-fold fluorescence increasing. The response time of GP to GSH was only 5 min and the product GO (the product of GP after reacting with GSH) after reacting with GSH possesses a larger Stokes shift for 135 nm than that in reported work. Probe GP can detect intracellular effectively and shows obvious yellow fluorescence. Briefly, probe GP can detect intracellular GSH rapidly and effectively both in vitro and in living cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19245348","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]],"date-time":"2019-12-05T03:16:36Z","timestamp":1575515796000},"page":"5348","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A GSH Fluorescent Probe with a Large Stokes Shift and Its Application in Living Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0220-5352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yueyuan","family":"Mao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu 233030, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China"}]},{"given":"Yediao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu 233030, China"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu 233030, China"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu 233030, China"}]},{"given":"Huanhuan","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu 233030, China"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu 233030, China"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu 233030, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1063-208X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guodong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical and Health Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu 233030, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1021\/ja056726i","article-title":"Glutathione-mediated delivery and release using monolayer protected nanoparticle carriers","volume":"128","author":"Rui","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2018.12.031","article-title":"A long-wavelength-emitting fluorescent probe for simultaneous discrimination of H2S\/Cys\/GSH and its bio-imaging applications","volume":"196","author":"Niu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.04.163","article-title":"Fluorescent probe for simultaneous discrimination of Cys\/Hcy and GSH in pure aqueous media with a fast response under a single-wavelength excitation","volume":"273","author":"Ren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"643","article-title":"Ratiometric Fluorescent Probe for the Detection of Glutathione in Living Cells","volume":"37","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. J. Chin. Univ.-Chin."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18928","DOI":"10.1021\/ja309079f","article-title":"BODIPY-Based Ratiometric Fluorescent Sensor for Highly Selective Detection of Glutathione over Cysteine and Homocysteine","volume":"134","author":"Niu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2018.03.021","article-title":"Recent progress on the development of glutathione (GSH) selective fluorescent and colorimetric probes","volume":"366","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11579","DOI":"10.1039\/C6CC06750F","article-title":"A lysosome-targeted fluorescent sensor for the detection of glutathione in cells with an extremely fast response","volume":"52","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2013.12.038","article-title":"A dual-mode nanosensor based on carbon quantum dots and gold nanoparticles for discriminative detection of glutathione in human plasma","volume":"56","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2012.01.012","article-title":"Novel S-acyl glutathione derivatives prevent amyloid oxidative stress and cholinergic dysfunction in Alzheimer disease models","volume":"52","author":"Zampagni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.11.092","article-title":"Two-stage ratiometric fluorescent responsive probe for rapid glutathione detection based on BODIPY thiol-halogen nucleophilic mono- or disubstitution","volume":"258","author":"Gong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(02)00099-2","article-title":"Oxidative stress parameters in type I, type II and insulin-treated type 2 diabetes mellitus; insulin treatment efficiency","volume":"321","author":"Seghrouchni","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.04.055","article-title":"Electrochemical modification of graphene oxide bearing different types of oxygen functional species for the electro-catalytic oxidation of reduced glutathione","volume":"184","author":"Yuan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.11.066","article-title":"A facile label-free colorimetric method for highly sensitive glutathione detection by using manganese dioxide nanosheets","volume":"242","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9221","DOI":"10.1021\/ac4019457","article-title":"Detection of cellular glutathione and oxidized glutathione using magnetic-plasmonic nanocomposite-based \u201cturn-off\u201d surface enhanced Raman scattering","volume":"85","author":"Arindam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11220","DOI":"10.1021\/ja5029364","article-title":"Activatable fluorescence\/MRI bimodal platform for tumor cell imaging via MnO2 nanosheet-aptamer nanoprobe","volume":"136","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9516","DOI":"10.1021\/ac202280f","article-title":"Enhanced screening of glutathione-trapped reactive metabolites by in-source collision-induced dissociation and extraction of product ion using UHPLC-high resolution mass spectrometry","volume":"83","author":"Zhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7654","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b01491","article-title":"Ultrasensitive Glutathione Detection Based on Lucigenin Cathodic Electrochemiluminescence in the Presence of MnO2 Nanosheets","volume":"88","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7674","DOI":"10.1021\/ja401360a","article-title":"Reversible near-infrared fluorescent probe introducing tellurium to mimetic glutathione peroxidase for monitoring the redox cycles between peroxynitrite and glutathione in vivo","volume":"135","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.11.056","article-title":"A sensitive polymer dots-manganese dioxide fluorescent nanosensor for \u201cturn-on\u201d detection of glutathione in human serum","volume":"258","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3023","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TB03321D","article-title":"Synthesis of a BODIPY disulfonate near-infrared fluorescence-enhanced probe with high selectivity to endogenous glutathione and two-photon fluorescent turn-on through thiol-induced SNAr substitution","volume":"6","author":"Xia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2015.10.023","article-title":"A colorimetric, ratiometric and water-soluble fluorescent probe for simultaneously sensing glutathione and cysteine\/homocysteine","volume":"900","author":"Dai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.06.120","article-title":"A coumarin-based \u201coff-on\u201d sensor for fluorescence selectivily discriminating GSH from Cys\/Hcy and its bioimaging in living cells","volume":"253","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.01.013","article-title":"An \u201coff-on\u201d fluorescein-based colormetric and fluorescent probe for the detection of glutathione and cysteine over homocysteine and its application for cell imaging","volume":"260","author":"Hou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1021\/ol802979n","article-title":"One- and two-photon turn-on fluorescent probe for cysteine and homocysteine with large emission shift","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Org. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s40242-018-8089-y","article-title":"Development of a Two-photon Ratiometric Fluorescent Probe for Glutathione and Its Applications in Living Cells","volume":"34","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Chin. Univ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b04485","article-title":"Colorimetric and NIR Fluorescence Probe with Multiple Binding Sites for Distinguishing Detection of Cys\/Hcy and GSH in Vivo","volume":"91","author":"Xiong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2016.05.026","article-title":"Improving performance and reducing hysteresis in perovskite solar cells by using F8BT as electron transporting layer","volume":"157","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tetlet.2012.02.098","article-title":"A benzothiazole-based fluorescent probe for thiol bioimaging","volume":"53","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tetlet.2013.11.055","article-title":"A turn on ESIPT probe for rapid and ratiometric fluorogenic detection of homocysteine and cysteine in water with live cell-imaging","volume":"55","author":"Goswami","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2016.11.038","article-title":"A benzothiazole-based fluorescent probe for selective detection of H2S in living cells and mouse hippocampal tissues","volume":"138","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dye. Pigment."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2016.02.027","article-title":"An ESIPT-based fluorescent probe for highly selective detection of glutathione in aqueous solution and living cells","volume":"129","author":"Ren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dye. Pigment."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2019.107688","article-title":"A ratiometric fluorescent probe for rapidly detecting bio-thiols in vitro and in living cells","volume":"171","author":"Mao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dye. Pigment."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2017.03.033","article-title":"Reaction-based fluorescent turn-on probe for selective detection of thiophenols in aqueous solution and living cells","volume":"142","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dye. Pigment."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.1039\/B926070F","article-title":"Rational design of a highly selective and sensitive fluorescent PET probe for discrimination of thiophenols and aliphatic thiols","volume":"46","author":"Jiang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2011.04.042","article-title":"Highly sensitive fluorescent probe for thiols based on combination of PET and ESIPT mechanisms","volume":"156","author":"Lan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3836","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TB00187H","article-title":"A novel near-infrared fluorescent probe with a large Stokes shift for biothiol detection and application in in vitro and in vivo fluorescence imaging","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/24\/5348\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:40:11Z","timestamp":1760190011000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/24\/5348"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,4]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s19245348"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19245348","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,4]]}}}