{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T17:38:46Z","timestamp":1775065126440,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]],"date-time":"2019-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multielectrode arrays (MEAs) are devices for non-invasive electrophysiological measurements of cell populations. This paper describes a novel fabrication method of MEAs with a fully planar surface. The surface of the insulation layer and the surface of the electrodes were on one plane; we named this device the planar MEA (pMEA). The main advantage of the pMEA is that it allows uniform contact between the pMEA surface and a substrate for positioning of microfluidic channels or microprinting of a cell adhesive layer. The fabrication of the pMEA is based on a low adhesive Au sacrificial peel-off layer. In divergence from conventional MEAs with recessed electrodes, the electrodes of the pMEA lead across the sloped edge of the insulation layer. To make this, the profile of the edge of the insulation layer was measured and the impedance of the planar electrodes was characterized. The impedance of the pMEA was comparable with the impedance of conventional MEA electrodes. The pMEA was tested for patterning HL-1 cells with a combination of imprinting fibronectin and coating by antifouling poly (l-lysine)-graft-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLL-g-PEG). The HL-1 cells remained patterned even at full confluency and presented spontaneous and synchronous beating activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19245379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]],"date-time":"2019-12-05T11:16:23Z","timestamp":1575544583000},"page":"5379","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Multi-Electrode Array with a Planar Surface for Cell Patterning by Microprinting"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3544-0332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Slav\u00edk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purky\u0148ova 123, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic"}]},{"given":"Josef","family":"Skopal\u00edk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Technick\u00e1 12, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3422-7938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivo","family":"Provazn\u00edk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Technick\u00e1 12, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7496-2558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jarom\u00edr","family":"Hub\u00e1lek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purky\u0148ova 123, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Technick\u00e13058\/10, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2014.00423","article-title":"Revealing Neuronal Function Through Microelectrode Array Recordings","volume":"8","author":"Obien","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2012.265","article-title":"Multi-Electrode Array Technologies for Neuroscience and Cardiology","volume":"8","author":"Spira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a002995","article-title":"A Method for Micrometer Resolution Patterning of Primary Culture Neurons for SPM Analysis","volume":"130","author":"Degenaar","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(01)01022-X","article-title":"Techniques for patterning and guidance of primary culture neurons on micro-electrode arrays","volume":"83","author":"Griscom","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sens. Actuator B Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2005.04.020","article-title":"Constraining the connectivity of neuronal networks cultured on microelectrode arrays with microfluidic techniques: A step towards neuron-based functional chips","volume":"21","author":"Morin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth777","article-title":"A Microfluidic Culture Platform for CNS Axonal Injury, Regeneration and Transport","volume":"2","author":"Taylor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2018.08.075","article-title":"Modular Microstructure Design to Build Neuronal Networks of Defined Functional Connectivity","volume":"122","author":"Weaver","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1109\/10.817614","article-title":"Aligned Microcontact Printing of Micrometer-Scale Poly-L-Lysine Structures for Controlled Growth of Cultured Neurons on Planar Microelectrode Arrays","volume":"47","author":"James","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2006.01.027","article-title":"Epoxy-Silane Linking of Biomolecules Is Simple and Effective for Patterning Neuronal Cultures","volume":"22","author":"Nam","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2006.09.009","article-title":"Low-Density Neuronal Networks Cultured Using Patterned Poly-L-Lysine on Microelectrode Arrays","volume":"160","author":"Jun","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-009-9346-0","article-title":"Triangular Neuronal Networks on Microelectrode Arrays: An Approach to Improve the Properties of Low-Density Networks for Extracellular Recording","volume":"11","author":"Jungblut","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomed. Microdevices"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marconi, E., Nieus, T., Maccione, A., Valente, P., Simi, A., Messa, M., Dante, S., Baldelli, P., Berdondini, L., and Benfenati, F. (2012). Emergent Functional Properties of Neuronal Networks with Controlled Topology. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034648"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201001215","article-title":"Antifouling Coatings: Recent Developments in The Design of Surfaces That Prevent Fouling by Proteins, Bacteria, And Marine Organisms","volume":"23","author":"Banerjee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Th\u00e9ry, M., and Piel, M. (2009). Adhesive micropatterns for cells: A microcontact printing protocol. Cold Spring Harb. Protoc., 4.","DOI":"10.1101\/pdb.prot5255"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J.M., Im, C., and Lee, W.R. (2017). Plateau-Shaped Flexible Polymer Microelectrode Array for Neural Recording. Polymers, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym9120690"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2979","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.6.2979","article-title":"HL-1 Cells: A Cardiac Muscle Cell Line That Contracts and Retains Phenotypic Characteristics of The Adult Cardiomyocyte","volume":"95","author":"Claycomb","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H823","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00986.2003","article-title":"Cardiac Physiology at The Cellular Level: Use of Cultured HL-1 Cardiomyocytes for Studies of Cardiac Muscle Cell Structure and Function","volume":"286","author":"White","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1159\/000339029","article-title":"Electrophysiological Effects of Lysophosphatidylcholine on HL-1 Cardiomyocytes Assessed with A Microelectrode Array System","volume":"30","author":"Gizurarson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/30\/2\/004","article-title":"The Use of Microelectrode Array (MEA) To Study the Protective Effects of Potassium Channel Openers on Metabolically Compromised HL-1 Cardiomyocytes","volume":"30","author":"Law","year":"2009","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garma, L.D., Matino, L., Melle, G., Moia, F., De Angelis, F., Santoro, F., and Dipalo, M. (2019). Cost-Effective and Multifunctional Acquisition System For In Vitro Electrophysiological Investigations with Multi-Electrode Arrays. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214017"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Mattox, D. (1965). Interface Formation and the adhesion of deposited thin films. Monograph, R65852, Technical Information Division Sandia Corporation Albuquerque."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035017","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/24\/3\/035017","article-title":"Mechanical characterization of bulk Sylgard 184 for microfluidics and microengineering","volume":"24","author":"Johnston","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.matsci.28.1.153","article-title":"Soft Lithography","volume":"28","author":"Xia","year":"1998","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2009.234","article-title":"Soft Lithography for Micro- and Nanoscale Patterning","volume":"5","author":"Qin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-5521(98)90062-X","article-title":"Self-Assembly and Steric Stabilization at Heterogeneous, Biological Surfaces Using Adsorbing Block Copolymers","volume":"5","author":"Elbert","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carpi, N., Piel, M., Azioune, A., and Fink, J. (2011). Micropatterning on glass with deep UV. Protoc. Exch.","DOI":"10.1038\/protex.2011.238"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mee.2017.01.013","article-title":"Patterned Parylene C for Cell Adhesion, Spreading and Alignment Studies","volume":"175","author":"Tu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microelectron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11718","DOI":"10.1021\/la7017049","article-title":"Cell and Protein Compatibility of Parylene-C Surfaces","volume":"23","author":"Chang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1039\/C7BM00171A","article-title":"Synchronization of excitable cardiac cultures of different origin","volume":"5","author":"Agladze","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dias, P., Desplantez, T., El-Harasis, M.A., Chowdhury, R.A., Ullrich, N.D., Cabestrero de Diego, A., Peters, N.S., Severs, N.J., MacLeod, K.T., and Dupont, E. (2014). Characterisation of connexin expression and electrophysiological properties in stable clones of the HL-1 myocyte cell line. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090266"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/24\/5379\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:40:41Z","timestamp":1760190041000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/24\/5379"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s19245379"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19245379","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]]}}}