{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T23:08:45Z","timestamp":1773011325862,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,9]],"date-time":"2019-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"China Earthquake Administration's Science for Earthquake Resilience Project","award":["No. XH204702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. XH204702"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["No. 2018B020207011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2018B020207011"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Impulse response function (IRF) is an ideal structural damage index for the identification of structural damage associated with changes in modal properties. However, IRFs from multiple excitations applied at different degrees-of-freedoms jointly contribute to the dynamic response, and their estimation is often underdetermined. Although some efforts have been devoted to the estimation of IRF for a structure under single excitation, the case under multiple excitations has not been fully investigated yet. The estimation of IRF under multiple excitations is generally an ill-conditioned inverse problem such that an incorrect or non-feasible solution is common, preventing its application to damage detection. This work explores this problem by introducing dimensionality reduction transformation matrices relating two sets of IRFs of a structure with discussions on the performance of the non-unique transformation matrices. Then, the extraction of IRF via wavelet-based and Tikhonov regularization-based methods are compared. Finally, a numerical study with a truss structure is conducted to validate the estimation of the IRFs and to demonstrate their applicability for damage detection under seismic excitations. Both the damage locations and severity are accurately identified, indicating the proposed methodology can enable the IRFs estimation under multiple excitations for successful damage detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19245413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,9]],"date-time":"2019-12-09T05:54:51Z","timestamp":1575870891000},"page":"5413","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Structural Damage Diagnosis-Oriented Impulse Response Function Estimation under Seismic Excitations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7134-2604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian-Fu","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Safety Monitoring of Engineering Structures, Shenzhen Academy of Disaster Prevention and Reduction, China Earthquake Administration, Shenzhen 518003, China"}]},{"given":"Junfang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}]},{"given":"Li-Xin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Safety Monitoring of Engineering Structures, Shenzhen Academy of Disaster Prevention and Reduction, China Earthquake Administration, Shenzhen 518003, China"}]},{"given":"Siu-seong","family":"Law","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1177\/058310249803000201","article-title":"A summary review of vibration based damage identification methods","volume":"30","author":"Doebling","year":"1998","journal-title":"Shock Vib. 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