{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T18:22:32Z","timestamp":1776277352022,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,11]],"date-time":"2019-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NO.61672008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NO.61672008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Innovation Team Project of Department Education of Guangdong Province","award":["NO.2017KCXT021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NO.2017KCXT021"]}]},{"name":"Project for Distinctive Innovation of Ordinary Universities of Guangdong Province","award":["NO.2018KTSCX120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NO.2018KTSCX120"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As the fundamental element of the Internet of Things, the QR code has become increasingly crucial for connecting online and offline services. Concerning e-commerce and logistics, we mainly focus on how to identify QR codes quickly and accurately. An adaptive binarization approach is proposed to solve the problem of uneven illumination in warehouse automatic sorting systems. Guided by cognitive modeling, we adaptively select the block window of the QR code for robust binarization under uneven illumination. The proposed method can eliminate the impact of uneven illumination of QR codes effectively whilst meeting the real-time needs in the automatic warehouse sorting. Experimental results have demonstrated the superiority of the proposed approach when benchmarked with several state-of-the-art methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19245466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,12]],"date-time":"2019-12-12T03:20:16Z","timestamp":1576120816000},"page":"5466","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Adaptive Binarization of QR Code Images for Fast Automatic Sorting in Warehouse Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Rongjun","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou 510665, China"},{"name":"School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongxing","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou 510665, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiansheng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou 510665, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leijun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou 510665, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huimin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou 510665, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong-Zhou","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1109\/MIC.2015.77","article-title":"Web-based management of the internet of things","volume":"19","author":"Yao","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Comput."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2014.2300753","article-title":"Internet of things in industries: A survey","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1830007","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218126618300076","article-title":"Internet of things: Challenges, issues and applications","volume":"27","author":"Raja","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Circuits Syst. Comput."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2012.02.016","article-title":"Internet of things: Vision, applications and research challenges","volume":"10","author":"Miorandi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ad hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9364(1994)120:4(739)","article-title":"2D bar-code applications in construction","volume":"120","author":"McCullouch","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Constr. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"59","article-title":"QR code","volume":"2008","author":"Soon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Synth. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, J.H., Park, J.H., and Lee, B.H. (2007, January 5\u20139). RFID application system for postal logistics. Proceedings of the PICMET\u203207\u20142007 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering & Technology, Portland, OR, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/PICMET.2007.4349568"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1142\/S0217984917400358","article-title":"A QR code identification technology in package auto-sorting system","volume":"31","author":"Di","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mod. Phys. Lett. B"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, S., Li, P., He, L., and Li, Y. (2018, January 23). Uneven Illumination Two-Dimensional Code Image Recognition Algorithm Research. Proceedings of the 2018 2nd IEEE Advanced Information Management, Communicates, Electronic and Automation Control Conference (IMCEC), Xi\u2019an, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IMCEC.2018.8469571"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan, Z., Zhang, Y., and Li, S. (2018, January 23\u201325). Binarization of Nonuniform Illumination Barcode. Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Vision and Applications, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1145\/3220511.3220520"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"859","article-title":"Quick Response Code Binary Research Based on Basic Image Processing","volume":"31","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, L., and Feng, Q. (2018, January 23\u201325). The Improvement of Bernsen Binarization Algorithm for QR Code Image. Proceeding of the 2018 5th IEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing and Intelligence Systems (CCIS), Nanjing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCIS.2018.8691255"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, H., Lee, J., Ahn, E., Cho, S., Shin, M., and Sim, S.H. (2017). Concrete crack identification using a UAV incorporating hybrid image processing. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17092052"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/0146-664X(78)90116-8","article-title":"A survey of threshold selection techniques","volume":"7","author":"Weszka","year":"1978","journal-title":"Comput. Graph. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1979.4310076","article-title":"A threshold selection method from gray-level histograms","volume":"9","author":"Otsu","year":"1979","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Niblack, W. (1985). An Introduction to Digital Image Processing, Strandberg Publishing Company."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hadjadj, Z., Meziane, A., Cherfa, Y., Cheriet, M., and Setitra, I. (2016, January 13\u201315). ISauvola: Improved Sauvola\u2019s algorithm for document image binarization. Proceedings of the International Conference on Image Analysis and Recognition, P\u00f3voa de Varzim, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-41501-7_82"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"43","article-title":"An improved sauvola approach on document images binarization","volume":"10","author":"Mustafa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Telecommun. Electron. Comput. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02613","article-title":"Effective and fast binarization method for combined degradation on ancient documents","volume":"5","author":"Saddami","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s10032-018-0299-9","article-title":"Binarization of degraded document images based on contrast enhancement","volume":"21","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Doc. Anal. Recognit."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adhikari, G., Mukherjee, R., and Dasgupta, T. (2018, January 22\u201324). A Local Adaptive Region-Wise Histogram Correction and Thresholding Technique for Very Poorly Illuminated Images. Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Signal Processing and Networking (WiSPNET), Chennai, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/WiSPNET.2018.8538571"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Bhabatosh, C. (2011). Digital image processing and analysis, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Gonzalez, R.C., and Woods, R.E. (2018). Digital Image Processing, Pearson Education Ltd. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1758","article-title":"Image quality assessing by combining PSNR with SSIM","volume":"12","author":"Tong","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Image Graph."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Simoncelli, E.P., and Bovik, A.C. (2003, January 9\u201312). Multiscale structural similarity for image quality assessment. Proceedings of the Thrity-Seventh Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems & Computers, Pacific Grove, CA, USA."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/24\/5466\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:41:31Z","timestamp":1760190091000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/24\/5466"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,11]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s19245466"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19245466","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,11]]}}}