{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T14:11:25Z","timestamp":1766067085071,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,13]],"date-time":"2019-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The terahertz spectral range (frequencies of 0.1\u201310 THz) has recently emerged as the next frontier in non-destructive imaging and sensing. Here, we review amplitude-based and phase-based sensing modalities in the context of the surface wave enhanced sensing in the terahertz frequency band. A variety of surface waves are considered including surface plasmon polaritons on metals, semiconductors, and zero gap materials, surface phonon polaritons on polaritonic materials, Zenneck waves on high-k dielectrics, as well as spoof surface plasmons and spoof Zenneck waves on structured interfaces. Special attention is paid to the trade-off between surface wave localization and sensor sensitivity. Furthermore, a detailed theoretical analysis of the surface wave optical properties as well as the sensitivity of sensors based on such waves is supplemented with many examples related to naturally occurring and artificial materials. We believe our review can be of interest to scientists pursuing research in novel high-performance sensor designs operating at frequencies beyond the visible\/IR band.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19245505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,13]],"date-time":"2019-12-13T11:27:22Z","timestamp":1576236442000},"page":"5505","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Surface Wave Enhanced Sensing in the Terahertz Spectral Range: Modalities, Materials, and Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Mathieu","family":"Poulin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Physics, Ecole Polytechnique de Montr\u00e9alC.P. 6079, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC H3C3A7, Canada"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Giannacopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Physics, Ecole Polytechnique de Montr\u00e9alC.P. 6079, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC H3C3A7, Canada"}]},{"given":"Maksim","family":"Skorobogatiy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Physics, Ecole Polytechnique de Montr\u00e9alC.P. 6079, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC H3C3A7, Canada"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01937","article-title":"Surface plasmon subwavelength optics","volume":"424","author":"Barnes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4005(95)01714-3","article-title":"Optical fiber sensor based on surface plasmon excitation","volume":"29","author":"Homola","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(98)00321-9","article-title":"Surface plasmon resonance sensors: Review","volume":"54","author":"Homola","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sens. 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