{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T18:38:24Z","timestamp":1768415904311,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,13]],"date-time":"2019-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea","award":["PJ01385203201901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJ01385203201901"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In closed hydroponics, fast and continuous measurement of individual nutrient concentrations is necessary to improve water- and nutrient-use efficiencies and crop production. Ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) could be one of the most attractive tools for hydroponic applications. However, signal drifts over time and interferences from other ions present in hydroponic solutions make it difficult to use the ISEs in hydroponic solutions. In this study, hybrid signal processing combining a two-point normalization (TPN) method for the effective compensation of the drifts and a back propagation artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm for the interpretation of the interferences was developed. In addition, the ANN-based approach for the prediction of Mg concentration which had no feasible ISE was conducted by interpreting the signals from a sensor array consisting of electrical conductivity (EC) and ion-selective electrodes (NO3, K, and Ca). From the application test using 8 samples from real greenhouses, the hybrid method based on a combination of the TPN and ANN methods showed relatively low root mean square errors of 47.2, 13.2, and 18.9 mg\u2219L\u22121 with coefficients of variation (CVs) below 10% for NO3, K, and Ca, respectively, compared to those obtained by separate use of the two methods. Furthermore, the Mg prediction results with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 14.6 mg\u2219L\u22121 over the range of 10\u201360 mg\u2219L\u22121 showed potential as an approximate diagnostic tool to measure Mg in hydroponic solutions. These results demonstrate that the hybrid method can improve the accuracy and feasibility of ISEs in hydroponic applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19245508","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,13]],"date-time":"2019-12-13T11:27:22Z","timestamp":1576236442000},"page":"5508","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Hybrid Signal-Processing Method Based on Neural Network for Prediction of NO3, K, Ca, and Mg Ions in Hydroponic Solutions Using an Array of Ion-Selective Electrodes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5216-5603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Woo-Jae","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosystems and Biomaterial Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea"}]},{"given":"Hak-Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosystems and Biomaterial Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea"},{"name":"Research Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea"}]},{"given":"Dae-Hyun","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosystems and Biomaterial Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea"},{"name":"Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung-si 25451, Gangwon-do, Korea"}]},{"given":"Hee-Jo","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosystems and Biomaterial Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea"}]},{"given":"Young-Yeol","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Major of Horticultural Science, College of Applied Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"283","article-title":"Soilless Culture System to Support Water Use Efficiency and Product Quality: A Review","volume":"3","author":"Putra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agric. 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