{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T17:15:16Z","timestamp":1763572516430,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,15]],"date-time":"2019-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41590851"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41590851"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program)","award":["2015CB857101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015CB857101"]}]},{"name":"Graduate Innovation Fund of Jilin University","award":["101832018C040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101832018C040"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lunar surface temperature is one of the fundamental thermophysical parameters of the lunar regolith, which is of great significance to the interpretation of remote-sensing thermal data. In this study, a daytime surface temperature model is established focusing on the lunar superficial layer with high spatial-temporal resolution. The physical parameters at the time of interest are adopted, including effective solar irradiance, lunar libration, large-scale topographic shading, and surrounding diffuse reflection. Thereafter, the 1\/64\u00b0 temperature distributions at five local times are quantitatively generated and analyzed in Sinus Iridum. Also, combined with Chang\u2019E-2 microwave radiometer (CELMS) data and Diviner thermal infrared (TIR) data, the spectral emissivity distributions are estimated as a potential geological application of the simulated surface temperature. The results are as follows: (1) daytime surface temperature in Sinus Iridum is significantly affected by the local topography and observation time, and the influence of diffuse reflection energy is obvious; (2) the emissivity distributions provide a new way to understand the thermophysical properties difference of lunar regolith at different depths; (3) the influence of lunar orbiting revolution and precession on surface temperature should be analyzed carefully, which shows the importance of using the parameters at the time of interest.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19245545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,16]],"date-time":"2019-12-16T05:19:38Z","timestamp":1576473578000},"page":"5545","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Surface Temperature Simulation of Lunar Dayside and Its Geological Applications: A Case in Sinus Iridum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Jidong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geoexploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep-Space Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Jinsong","family":"Ping","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep-Space Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Zhaofa","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geoexploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9202-7750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongzhang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430070, China"}]},{"given":"Xiangyue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geoexploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"}]},{"given":"Mingyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep-Space Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"E00H18","article-title":"Lunar equatorial surface temperatures and regolith properties from the Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment","volume":"117","author":"Vasavada","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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