{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T17:12:40Z","timestamp":1763226760560,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,17]],"date-time":"2019-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"H2020, ECSEL-04-2015-Smart Health, Advancing Smart Optical Imaging and Sensing for Health (ASTONISH).","award":["692470"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["692470"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The development and validation of a system for multi-site photoplethysmography (PPG) and electrocardiography (ECG) is presented. The system could acquire signals from 8 PPG probes and 10 ECG leads. Each PPG probe was constituted of a light-emitting diode (LED) source at a wavelength of 940 nm and a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) detector, located in a back-reflection recording configuration. In order to ensure proper optode-to-skin coupling, the probe was equipped with insufflating cuffs. The high number of PPG probes allowed us to simultaneously acquire signals from multiple body locations. The ECG provided a reference for single-pulse PPG evaluation and averaging, allowing the extraction of indices of cardiovascular status with a high signal-to-noise ratio. Firstly, the system was characterized on optical phantoms. Furthermore, in vivo validation was performed by estimating the brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), a metric associated with cardiovascular status. The validation was performed on healthy volunteers to assess the baPWV intra- and extra-operator repeatability and its association with age. Finally, the baPWV, evaluated via the developed instrumentation, was compared to that estimated with a commercial system used in clinical practice (Enverdis Vascular Explorer). The validation demonstrated the system\u2019s reliability and its effectiveness in assessing the cardiovascular status in arterial ageing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19245570","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,20]],"date-time":"2019-12-20T03:19:36Z","timestamp":1576811976000},"page":"5570","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Multi-Site Photoplethysmographic and Electrocardiographic System for Arterial Stiffness and Cardiovascular Status Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1903-0501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Perpetuini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University G. D\u2019Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Via Luigi Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5347-8417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio Maria","family":"Chiarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University G. D\u2019Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Via Luigi Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}]},{"given":"Lidia","family":"Maddiona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"STMicroelectronics, ADG R&amp;D, Stradale Primosole 50, 95121 Catania, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9368-7088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Rinella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology Section, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9785-3402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Bianco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiology, University G. D\u2019Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Via Dei Vestini 5, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7003-6194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Bucciarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiology, University G. D\u2019Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Via Dei Vestini 5, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}]},{"given":"Sabina","family":"Gallina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University G. D\u2019Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Via Luigi Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Cardiology, University G. D\u2019Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Via Dei Vestini 5, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0614-2969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Perciavalle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology Section, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy"},{"name":"Kore University, Department of Sciences of Life, Viale delle Olimpiadi, 94100 Enna, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2188-4178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Vinciguerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"STMicroelectronics, ADG R&amp;D, Stradale Primosole 50, 95121 Catania, Italy"}]},{"given":"Arcangelo","family":"Merla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University G. D\u2019Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Via Luigi Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Fallica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"STMicroelectronics, ADG R&amp;D, Stradale Primosole 50, 95121 Catania, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allen, J. (2007). Photoplethysmography and its application in clinical physiological measurement. Physiol. Meas., 28.","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/28\/3\/R01"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2740","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1994.77.6.2740","article-title":"Validation of near-infrared spectroscopy in humans","volume":"77","author":"Mancini","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Appl. 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