{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T03:04:33Z","timestamp":1779332673977,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,17]],"date-time":"2019-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of sensor networks and the importance of smart devices in the physical world has brought attention to Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks (WSANs). They consist of a large number of static sensors and also a few other smart devices, such as different types of robots. Sensor nodes have responsibility for sensing and sending information towards an actor node any time there is an event that needs immediate intervention such as natural disasters or malicious attacks in the network. The actor node is responsible for processing and taking prompt action accordingly. But in order to select an appropriate actor to do one task, we need to consider different parameters, which make the problem NP-hard. For this reason, we consider Fuzzy Logic and propose two Fuzzy Based Simulation Systems (FBSS). FBSS1 has three input parameters such as Number of Sensors per Actor (NSA), Remaining Energy (RE) and Distance to Event (DE). On the other hand, FBSS2 has one new parameter\u2014Transmission Range (TR)\u2014and for this reason it is more complex. We will explain in detail the differences between these two systems. We also implement a testbed and compare simulation results with experimental results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19245573","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,20]],"date-time":"2019-12-20T03:19:36Z","timestamp":1576811976000},"page":"5573","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Application of Fuzzy Logic for Selection of Actor Nodes in WSANs \u2014Implementation of Two Fuzzy-Based Systems and a Testbed"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9621-0755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donald","family":"Elmazi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Fukuoka Institute of Technology (FIT), Fukuoka 811-0295, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miralda","family":"Cuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Engineering, Fukuoka Institute of Technology (FIT), Fukuoka 811-0295, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0445-0167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Makoto","family":"Ikeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Fukuoka Institute of Technology (FIT), Fukuoka 811-0295, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keita","family":"Matsuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Fukuoka Institute of Technology (FIT), Fukuoka 811-0295, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9069-0460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonard","family":"Barolli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Fukuoka Institute of Technology (FIT), Fukuoka 811-0295, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-1286(01)00302-4","article-title":"Wireless sensor networks: A survey","volume":"38","author":"Akyildiz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1504\/IJSSC.2014.060685","article-title":"Decentralised malicious node detection in WSN","volume":"4","author":"Atassi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Space Based Situated Comput."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1504\/IJSSC.2011.040339","article-title":"A survey on clustering algorithms for wireless sensor networks","volume":"1","author":"Boyinbode","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Space Based Situated Comput."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2004.04.003","article-title":"Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks: Research Challenges","volume":"2","author":"Akyildiz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1504\/IJSSC.2012.045569","article-title":"Use of wireless sensor networks for distributed event detection in disaster management applications","volume":"2","author":"Bahrepour","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Space Based Situated Comput."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haider, N., Imran, M., Saad, N., and Zakariya, M. (2013, January 26\u201328). Performance analysis of reactive connectivity restoration algorithms for wireless sensor and actor networks. Proceedings of the IEEE Malaysia International Conference on Communications (MICC-2013), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/MICC.2013.6805879"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2008.246","article-title":"Movement-Assisted Connectivity Restoration in Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks","volume":"20","author":"Abbasi","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Li, X., Liang, X., Lu, R., He, S., Chen, J., and Shen, X. (2011, January 17\u201322). Toward Reliable Actor Services in Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE 8th International Conference on Mobile Adhoc and Sensor Systems (MASS), Valencia, Spain."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akkaya, K., and Younis, M. (2006, January 25\u201328). COLA: A Coverage and Latency Aware Actor Placement for Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks. Proceedings of the IEEE 64th Conference on Vehicular Technology (VTC-2006) Fall, Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCF.2006.544"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kakarla, J., and Majhi, B. (2013, January 15\u201318). A new optimal delay and energy efficient coordination algorithm for WSAN. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Networks and Telecommuncations Systems (ANTS), Kattankulathur, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ANTS.2013.6802871"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elmazi, D., Cuka, M., Bylykbashi, K., Spaho, E., Ikeda, M., and Barolli, L. (2017, January 8\u201310). Selection of Actor Nodes in Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks Considering Actor-Sensor Coordination Quality Parameter. Proceedings of the International Conference on Broadband and Wireless Computing, Communication and Applications, Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-69811-3_8"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barolli, A., Sakamoto, S., Durresi, H., Ohara, S., Barolli, L., and Takizawa, M. (2019, January 7\u20139). A Comparison Study of Constriction and Linearly Decreasing Vmax Replacement Methods for Wireless Mesh Networks by WMN-PSOHC-DGA Simulation System. Proceedings of the International Conference on P2P, Parallel, Grid, Cloud and Internet Computing, Antwerp, Belgium.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-33509-0_3"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ishitaki, T., Elmazi, D., Liu, Y., Oda, T., Barolli, L., and Uchida, K. (2015, January 24\u201327). Application of neural networks for intrusion detection in tor networks. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 29th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops, Gwangju, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/WAINA.2015.136"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"101","article-title":"A Comparison Study of Simulated Annealing and Genetic Algorithm for Node Placement Problem in Wireless Mesh Networks","volume":"9","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mob. Multimed."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oda, T., Elmazi, D., Lala, A., Kolici, V., Barolli, L., and Xhafa, F. (2015, January 8\u201310). Analysis of node placement in wireless mesh networks using Friedman test: A comparison study for Tabu Search and hill climbing. Proceedings of the 2015 9th International Conference on Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in Ubiquitous Computing, Blumenau, Brazil.","DOI":"10.1109\/IMIS.2015.84"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elmazi, D., Cuka, M., Ikeda, M., and Barolli, L. (2018, January 5\u20137). A Fuzzy-Based System for Actor Node Selection in WSANs for Improving Network Connectivity and Increasing Number of Covered Sensors. Proceedings of the International Conference on Network-Based Information Systems, Bratislava, Slovakia.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-98530-5_1"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elmazi, D., Cuka, M., Ikeda, M., and Barolli, L. (2019). Effect of Size of Giant Component for actor node selection in WSANs: A comparison study. Concurr. Comput. Pract. Exp., e5106.","DOI":"10.1002\/cpe.5106"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elmazi, D., Cuka, M., Ikeda, M., Matsuo, K., and Barolli, L. (2019, January 3\u20135). A Fuzzy-Based System for Actor Node Selection in WSANS: Simulation and Experimental Results. Proceedings of the International Conference on Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in Ubiquitous Computing, Sydney, NSW, Australia.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-22263-5_2"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akbas, M., and Turgut, D. (2011, January 4\u20137). APAWSAN: Actor positioning for aerial wireless sensor and actor networks. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE 36th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN), Bonn, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/LCN.2011.6115518"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akbas, M., Brust, M., and Turgut, D. (2010, January 10\u201314). Local positioning for environmental monitoring in wireless sensor and actor networks. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE 35th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN), Denver, CO, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/LCN.2010.5735815"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2007.900413","article-title":"A Real-Time and Reliable Transport (RT2) Protocol for Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks","volume":"16","author":"Gungor","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2007.1009","article-title":"Communication and Coordination in Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks","volume":"6","author":"Melodia","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2381","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.2011.2163872","article-title":"A Novel Scheme for WSAN Sink Mobility Based on Clustering and Set Packing Techniques","volume":"56","author":"Nakayama","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Control."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kulla, E., Ikeda, M., and Leonard, B. (2014, January 10\u201312). A Fuzzy Approach to Actor Selection in Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks. Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Network-Based Information Systems (NBiS-2014), Salerno, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/NBiS.2014.99"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inaba, T., Sakamoto, S., Kolici, V., Mino, G., and Barolli, L. (2014, January 8\u201310). A CAC Scheme Based on Fuzzy Logic for Cellular Networks Considering Security and Priority Parameters. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Broadband and Wireless Computing, Communication and Applications (BWCCA-2014), Guangdong, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/BWCCA.2014.87"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spaho, E., Sakamoto, S., Barolli, L., Xhafa, F., Barolli, V., and Iwashige, J. (2013, January 4\u20136). A Fuzzy-Based System for Peer Reliability in JXTA-Overlay P2P Considering Number of Interactions. Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Network-Based Information Systems (NBiS-2013), Gwangju, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/NBiS.2013.26"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3233\/JHS-150504","article-title":"FACS-MP: A fuzzy admission control system with many priorities for wireless cellular networks and its performance evaluation","volume":"21","author":"Matsuo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. High Speed Netw."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-2217(95)00176-X","article-title":"The Application of Fuzzy Integrals in Multicriteria Decision Making","volume":"89","author":"Grabisch","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inaba, T., Elmazi, D., Liu, Y., Sakamoto, S., Barolli, L., and Uchida, K. (2015, January 24\u201327). Integrating Wireless Cellular and Ad-Hoc Networks Using Fuzzy Logic Considering Node Mobility and Security. Proceedings of the 29th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops (WAINA-2015), Gwangju, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/WAINA.2015.116"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kulla, E., Mino, G., Sakamoto, S., Ikeda, M., Caball\u00e9, S., and Barolli, L. (2014, January 13\u201316). FBMIS: A Fuzzy-Based Multi-interface System for Cellular and Ad Hoc Networks. Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications (AINA-2014), Victoria, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/AINA.2014.154"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-015-0279-6","article-title":"A comparison study of two fuzzy-based systems for selection of actor node in wireless sensor actor networks","volume":"6","author":"Elmazi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ambient. Intell. Humaniz. Comput."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1145\/175247.175255","article-title":"Fuzzy Logic, Neural Networks, and Soft Computing","volume":"37","author":"Zadeh","year":"1994","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-013-1206-4","article-title":"Trustworthiness in P2P: Performance Behaviour of Two Fuzzy-based Systems for JXTA-overlay Platform","volume":"18","author":"Spaho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inaba, T., Sakamoto, S., Kulla, E., Caballe, S., Ikeda, M., and Barolli, L. (2014, January 10\u201312). An Integrated System for Wireless Cellular and Ad-Hoc Networks Using Fuzzy Logic. Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Networking and Collaborative Systems (INCoS-2014), Salerno, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/INCoS.2014.43"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-015-0277-8","article-title":"A multi-modal simulation system for wireless sensor networks: A comparison study considering stationary and mobile sink and event","volume":"6","author":"Matsuo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ambient. Intell. Humaniz. Comput."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolici, V., Inaba, T., Lala, A., Mino, G., Sakamoto, S., and Barolli, L. (2014, January 10\u201312). A Fuzzy-Based CAC Scheme for Cellular Networks Considering Security. Proceedings of the International Conference on Network-Based Information Systems (NBiS-2014), Salerno, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/NBiS.2014.36"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2677","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-015-1667-8","article-title":"A comparison study for two fuzzy-based systems: Improving reliability and security of JXTA-overlay P2P platform","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elmazi, D., Oda, T., Spaho, E., Kulla, E., Ikeda, M., and Barolli, L. (2016, January 5\u20137). A Fuzzy-Based Simulation System for Actor Selection in Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks Considering as a New Parameter Density of Actor Nodes. Proceedings of the International Conference on Broadband and Wireless Computing, Communication and Applications, Asan, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/NBiS.2016.32"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elmazi, D., Cuka, M., Oda, T., Kulla, E., Ikeda, M., and Barolli, L. (2017, January 24\u201326). Effect of Packet Error Rate on Selection of Actor Nodes in WSANs: A Comparison Study of Two Fuzzy-Based Systems. Proceedings of the International Conference on Network-Based Information Systems, Toronto, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-65521-5_10"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4790","DOI":"10.1002\/cpe.4790","article-title":"Effect of node centrality for IoT device selection in opportunistic networks: A comparison study","volume":"30","author":"Cuka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Concurr. Comput. Pract. Exp."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/24\/5573\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:42:59Z","timestamp":1760190179000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/24\/5573"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,17]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s19245573"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19245573","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,17]]}}}