{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T11:20:36Z","timestamp":1768908036117,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,19]],"date-time":"2019-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST-107-2221-E-019-039-MY2, MOST-108-2634-F-019-001, MOST-108-2634-F-008-001, MOST-107-2221-E-008-084-MY2, MOST-106-2221-E-019-069-MY2, and MOST-108-2221-E-019-038-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST-107-2221-E-019-039-MY2, MOST-108-2634-F-019-001, MOST-108-2634-F-008-001, MOST-107-2221-E-008-084-MY2, MOST-106-2221-E-019-069-MY2, and MOST-108-2221-E-019-038-MY2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University System of Taipei Joint Research Program","award":["USTP-NTOU-TMU-108-01, NCU-LSH-108-A-007, NCU-LSH-108-A-009, and USTP-NTUT-NTOU-108-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["USTP-NTOU-TMU-108-01, NCU-LSH-108-A-007, NCU-LSH-108-A-009, and USTP-NTUT-NTOU-108-04"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The human eye is a vital sensory organ that provides us with visual information about the world around us. It can also convey such information as our emotional state to people with whom we interact. In technology, eye tracking has become a hot research topic recently, and a growing number of eye-tracking devices have been widely applied in fields such as psychology, medicine, education, and virtual reality. However, most commercially available eye trackers are prohibitively expensive and require that the user\u2019s head remain completely stationary in order to accurately estimate the direction of their gaze. To address these drawbacks, this paper proposes an inner corner-pupil center vector (ICPCV) eye-tracking system based on a deep neural network, which does not require that the user\u2019s head remain stationary or expensive hardware to operate. The performance of the proposed system is compared with those of other currently available eye-tracking estimation algorithms, and the results show that it outperforms these systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20010025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]],"date-time":"2019-12-23T03:15:01Z","timestamp":1577070901000},"page":"25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["An Eye-Tracking System based on Inner Corner-Pupil Center Vector and Deep Neural Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Mu-Chun","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tat-Meng","family":"U","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5758-4516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi-Zeng","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 20224, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Food Safety and Risk Management, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 20224, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for Ocean Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 20224, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhe-Fu","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Landseed International Hospital, Taoyuan City 324, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shu-Fang","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Landseed International Hospital, Taoyuan City 324, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8360-5819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shih-Syun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 20224, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2019, June 15). 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