{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T19:14:03Z","timestamp":1771269243727,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,19]],"date-time":"2019-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Asymmetry is a cardinal symptom of gait post-stroke that is targeted during rehabilitation. Technological developments have allowed accelerometers to be a feasible tool to provide digital gait variables. Many acceleration-derived variables are proposed to measure gait asymmetry. Despite a need for accurate calculation, no consensus exists for what is the most valid and reliable variable. Using an instrumented walkway (GaitRite) as the reference standard, this study compared the validity and reliability of multiple acceleration-derived asymmetry variables. Twenty-five post-stroke participants performed repeated walks over GaitRite whilst wearing a tri-axial accelerometer (Axivity AX3) on their lower back, on two occasions, one week apart. Harmonic ratio, autocorrelation, gait symmetry index, phase plots, acceleration, and jerk root mean square were calculated from the acceleration signals. Test\u2013retest reliability was calculated, and concurrent validity was estimated by comparison with GaitRite. The strongest concurrent validity was obtained from step regularity from the vertical signal, which also recorded excellent test\u2013retest reliability (Spearman\u2019s rank correlation coefficients (rho) = 0.87 and Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC21) = 0.98, respectively). Future research should test the responsiveness of this and other step asymmetry variables to quantify change during recovery and the effect of rehabilitative interventions for consideration as digital biomarkers to quantify gait asymmetry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20010037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]],"date-time":"2019-12-23T03:15:01Z","timestamp":1577070901000},"page":"37","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Gait Asymmetry Post-Stroke: Determining Valid and Reliable Methods Using a Single Accelerometer Located on the Trunk"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Christopher","family":"Buckley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience\/Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8968-6373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Encarna","family":"Mic\u00f3-Amigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience\/Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Dunne-Willows","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Cloud Computing for Big Data, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4049-9291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan","family":"Godfrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Information Science, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK"}]},{"given":"Aodh\u00e1n","family":"Hickey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Intelligence, HSC Public Health Agency, Belfast BT2 7ES, Northern Ireland"}]},{"given":"Sue","family":"Lord","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience\/Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK"},{"name":"Auckland University of Technology, 55 Wellesley St E, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}]},{"given":"Lynn","family":"Rochester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience\/Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK"},{"name":"The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1154-4751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Del Din","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience\/Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK"}]},{"given":"Sarah A.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience\/Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK"},{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience (Stroke Research Group), Newcastle University, 3-4 Claremont Terrace, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AE, UK"},{"name":"Stroke Northumbria, Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Rake Lane, North Shields, Tyne and Wear NE29 8NH, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-017-0341-z","article-title":"Comprehensive measurement of stroke gait characteristics with a single accelerometer in the laboratory and community: A feasibility, validity and reliability study","volume":"14","author":"Moore","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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