{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T21:09:38Z","timestamp":1788469778846,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":153,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,19]],"date-time":"2019-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Flying ad hoc network (FANET) is a self-organizing wireless network that enables inexpensive, flexible, and easy-to-deploy flying nodes, such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), to communicate among themselves in the absence of fixed network infrastructure. FANET is one of the emerging networks that has an extensive range of next-generation applications. Hence, FANET plays a significant role in achieving application-based goals. Routing enables the flying nodes to collaborate and coordinate among themselves and to establish routes to radio access infrastructure, particularly FANET base station (BS). With a longer route lifetime, the effects of link disconnections and network partitions reduce. Routing must cater to two main characteristics of FANETs that reduce the route lifetime. Firstly, the collaboration nature requires the flying nodes to exchange messages and to coordinate among themselves, causing high energy consumption. Secondly, the mobility pattern of the flying nodes is highly dynamic in a three-dimensional space and they may be spaced far apart, causing link disconnection. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of the limited research work of routing schemes in FANETs. Different aspects, including objectives, challenges, routing metrics, characteristics, and performance measures, are covered. Furthermore, we present open issues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20010038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]],"date-time":"2019-12-23T03:15:01Z","timestamp":1577070901000},"page":"38","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Routing Schemes in FANETs: A Survey"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Fahad","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing and Information Systems, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Attock Campus, Punjab 43600, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kok-Lim Alvin","family":"Yau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing and Information Systems, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafidah Md","family":"Noor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer System and Technology, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4743-9136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Ali","family":"Imran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2018.1800214","article-title":"Research challenges and opportunities of UAV millimeter-wave communications","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. 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