{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T22:48:11Z","timestamp":1785883691876,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,19]],"date-time":"2019-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science for Earthquake Resilience of China Earthquake Administration","award":["XH19043Y"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XH19043Y"]}]},{"name":"Science for Earthquake Resilience of China Earthquake Administration","award":["XH20040YSX"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XH20040YSX"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) plates are widely used to retrofit or reinforce steel structures, and the debonding damage between the steel structure and the CFRP plate is a typical failure in strengthening steel structures. This paper proposes a new approach to detecting debonding between a steel beam and a reinforcing CFRP plate by using removable lead zirconate titanate (PZT)-based transducers and active sensing. The removable PZT-based transducers are used to implement the active sensing approach, in which one transducer, as an actuator, is used to generate stress wave, and another transducer, as a sensor, is used to detect the stress wave that propagates across the bonding between the steel beam and the reinforcing CFRP plate. The bonding condition significantly influences the received sensor signal, and a wavelet-packet-based energy index (WPEI) is used to quantify the energy of the received signal to evaluate the severity of debonding between the steel beam and the reinforcing CFRP plate. To validate the proposed approach, experimental studies were performed, and two removable PZT-based transducers were designed and fabricated to detect the debonding between a steel beam and the reinforcing CRFP plate. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method in detecting the debonding between a steel beam and the reinforcing CFRP plate using removable PZT-based transducers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20010041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]],"date-time":"2019-12-23T03:15:01Z","timestamp":1577070901000},"page":"41","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Detecting Debonding between Steel Beam and Reinforcing CFRP Plate Using Active Sensing with Removable PZT-Based Transducers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Jian","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earthquake Geodesy, Institute of Seismology, China Earthquake Administration, Wuhan 430071, China"},{"name":"Wuhan Institute of Earthquake Engineering Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430071, China"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinwei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaowei","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA"},{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zifeng","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA"},{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"227","article-title":"A design approach of integral-abutment steel girder bridges for maintenance","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Steel Compos. 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