{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:54:03Z","timestamp":1760241243439,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,19]],"date-time":"2019-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents the design and experimental characterization of a 28 nm Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) Analog Front-End (AFE) for fast-tracking small-diameter Muon Drift-Tube (sMDT) detectors. The device exploits an innovative analog signal processing that allows a strong increase in the detection rate of events and significantly reduces the impact of fake\/pile-up events, which often corrupt incident radiation energy events. The proposed device converts the input charge coming from incident radiations into voltage by a dedicated Charge-Sensitive Preamplifier (CSPreamp). Therefore, the fast-tracking concept relies on sampling the slope of the CSPreamp output voltage and using it for detecting both the incident event arrival instant and the amount of charge that has been effectively read out by MDT detectors. This avoids the long processing times intrinsically needed for baseline recovery transient, during which the detected signal can be severely corrupted by additional and unwanted extra-events, resulting in extra-charge (and thus in CSP output voltage extra-transient) during the signal roll-off. The proposed analog channel operates with a 5\u2013100 fC input charge range and has a maximum dead-time of 200 ns (against the 545 ns of the state-of-the-art). It occupies 0.03 mm2 and consumes 1.9 mW from 1 V of supply voltage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20010042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]],"date-time":"2019-12-23T03:15:01Z","timestamp":1577070901000},"page":"42","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A 28 nm Bulk-CMOS Analog Front-End for High-Rate ATLAS Muon Drift-Tube Detectors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Pipino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Depterment of Physics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza Della Scienza 3, 20123 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Resta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Depterment of Physics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza Della Scienza 3, 20123 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Mangiagalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Depterment of Physics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza Della Scienza 3, 20123 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1061-1262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcello","family":"De Matteis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Depterment of Physics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza Della Scienza 3, 20123 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hubert","family":"Kroha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institute for Physics, Foehringer Ring 6, D-80805 Muenchen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institute for Physics, Foehringer Ring 6, D-80805 Muenchen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Kortner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institute for Physics, Foehringer Ring 6, D-80805 Muenchen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8844-5754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Baschirotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Depterment of Physics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza Della Scienza 3, 20123 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C02003","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-0221\/12\/02\/C02003","article-title":"Total Ionizing Dose effects on a 28 nm Hi-K metal-gate CMOS technology up to 1 Grad","volume":"12","author":"Mattiazzo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2639","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.2017.2746719","article-title":"Characterization of gigarad total ionizing dose and annealing effects on 28-nm bulk MOSFETs","volume":"64","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"S08003","article-title":"The ATLAS experiment at the CERN large hadron collider","volume":"3","author":"Aad","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Posch, C., Hazen, E., and Oliver, J. (2007). MDT-ASD User\u2019s Manual, CERN. ATL-MUON-2002-003."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C02087","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-0221\/11\/02\/C02087","article-title":"Performance of the new Amplifier-Shaper-Discriminator chip for the ATLAS MDT chambers at the HL-LHC","volume":"11","author":"Resta","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3406","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2017.2694606","article-title":"An Eight-Channels 0.13-\u00b5m-CMOS Front End for ATLAS Muon-Drift-Tubes Detectors","volume":"17","author":"Resta","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6184","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2016.2582840","article-title":"Integrated silicon directly modulated light source using p-well in standard CMOS technology","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Riegler, W. (1997). MDT Resolution Simulation Frontend Electronics Requirements, CERN. ATL-MUON-97-137."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C06007","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-0221\/12\/06\/C06007","article-title":"New High-Precision Drift-Tube Detectors for the ATLAS Muon Spectrometer","volume":"12","author":"Kroha","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2015.12.018","article-title":"Precision Muon tracking Detectors and Read-out Electronics for Operation at Very High Background Rates at Future Colliders","volume":"824","author":"Kortner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A Accel. Spectrometers Detect. Assoc. Equip."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mangiagalli, L., Baschirotto, A., Resta, F., Pipino, A., Richter, R., Kortner, O., De Matteis, M., and Kroha, H. (2019). A 28 nm Fast Tracker Front-End for Phase-II Atlas sMDT Detectors. PoS (TWEPP2018), 091.","DOI":"10.22323\/1.343.0091"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.2006.869852","article-title":"An integrated reset\/pulse pile-up rejection circuit for pixel readout ASICs","volume":"53","author":"Bastia","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.2015.2417312","article-title":"The data acquisition system for the KOTO experiment","volume":"62","author":"Sugiyama","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"D\u2019Amico, S., and Baschirotto, A. (2003, January 14\u201317). An active-Gm-RC continuous-time biquad low-pass cell. Proceedings of the 2003 10th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems (ICECS), Sharjah, UAE."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C01003","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-0221\/7\/01\/C01003","article-title":"A fast and low noise charge sensitive preamplifier in 90 nm CMOS technology","volume":"7","author":"Baschirotto","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Instrum."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/1\/42\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:43:51Z","timestamp":1760190231000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/1\/42"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,19]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s20010042"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20010042","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,19]]}}}