{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:28Z","timestamp":1780444828200,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,21]],"date-time":"2019-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/R013837\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/R013837\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/R013837\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/R013837\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016270","name":"Global Challenges Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/R013837\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/R013837\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Textiles enhanced with thin-film flexible sensors are well-suited for unobtrusive monitoring of skin parameters due to the sensors\u2019 high conformability. These sensors can be damaged if they are attached to the surface of the textile, also affecting the textiles\u2019 aesthetics and feel. We investigate the effect of embedding flexible temperature sensors within textile yarns, which adds a layer of protection to the sensor. Industrial yarn manufacturing techniques including knit braiding, braiding, and double covering were utilised to identify an appropriate incorporation technique. The thermal time constants recorded by all three sensing yarns was &lt;10 s. Simultaneously, effective sensitivity only decreased by a maximum of 14% compared to the uncovered sensor. This is due to the sensor being positioned within the yarn instead of being in direct contact with the measured surface. These sensor yarns were not affected by bending and produced repeatable measurements. The double covering method was observed to have the least impact on the sensors\u2019 performance due to the yarn\u2019s smaller dimensions. Finally, a sensing yarn was incorporated in an armband and used to measure changes in skin temperature. The demonstrated textile integration techniques for flexible sensors using industrial yarn manufacturing processes enable large-scale smart textile fabrication.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20010073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]],"date-time":"2019-12-23T03:15:01Z","timestamp":1577070901000},"page":"73","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Flexible Temperature Sensor Integration into E-Textiles Using Different Industrial Yarn Fabrication Processes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Pasindu","family":"Lugoda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensor Technology Research Centre, University of Sussex Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8099-541X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio C.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensor Technology Research Centre, University of Sussex Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Textiles Research Group, Nottingham Trent University Nottingham NG1 4GG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1664-4698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo A.","family":"Garcia-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensor Technology Research Centre, University of Sussex Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjula D.","family":"Wickramasinghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stretchline (Zhongshan) Limited, Goldenbell Section, Fu Zhong Lu, Shunjing Industrial Park, Banfu Town, Zhongshan City 528459, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arash","family":"Pouryazdan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensor Technology Research Centre, University of Sussex Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Roggen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensor Technology Research Centre, University of Sussex Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3533-0398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tilak","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Textiles Research Group, Nottingham Trent University Nottingham NG1 4GG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4653-5927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niko","family":"M\u00fcnzenrieder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensor Technology Research Centre, University of Sussex Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QT, UK"},{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, 39100 Bozen, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuketa, H., Hamamatsu, M., Yokota, T., Yukita, W., Someya, T., Sekitani, T., Takamiya, M., Someya, T., and Sakurai, T. 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