{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:54:24Z","timestamp":1760241264906,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]],"date-time":"2019-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["99-2221-E-010-003-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["99-2221-E-010-003-MY2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Joint accessory motion testing (JAMT) is a standard procedure used by manual therapists to assess and treat musculoskeletal disorders. Joint accessory motion (JAM) is movement that occurs between joint surfaces, and can be induced by applying force. The motion amount, end feel, symptoms, and resistance perceived by therapists during test procedures are recorded as evidence for the diagnosis, prognosis, treatment decision making, and intervention outcome. However, previous studies have shown that accessory motion tests have insufficient reliability. Recently, many instruments have been developed to increase test reliability, but these instruments quantify the test results with a single probe and utilize the external environment as a reference. Therefore, the measured displacement amount may be affected by other spinal segments. This study proposes an objective portable measurement device with two indenter probes for spinal JAMT, wherein the JAM was quantified by displacement and force measurements between two bones. The instrument was verified with a homemade spinal simulator and computer simulation. The results showed that the force-displacement curves measured by the JAMT device (JAMTD) and those simulated by the computer model exhibited similar characteristics. Moreover, a two-probe measurement could distinguish the differences in stiffness better than a one-probe measurement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20010100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,24]],"date-time":"2019-12-24T05:56:15Z","timestamp":1577166975000},"page":"100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Development of an Objective Portable Measurement Device for Spinal Joint Accessory Motion Testing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4449-5477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsiao-Kuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hung-Jen","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TEH LIN Prosthetic &amp; Orthopaedic Inc., New Taipei 24890, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8167-5784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chung-Huang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan"},{"name":"Preventive Medicine Research Center, National Yung-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2005.03.028","article-title":"Lumbar spine segmental mobility assessment: An examination of validity for determining intervention strategies in patients with low back pain","volume":"86","author":"Fritz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. 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