{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]],"date-time":"2025-12-27T15:12:15Z","timestamp":1766848335176,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]],"date-time":"2019-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51808147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51808147"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Deformation monitoring is of importance to ensure the operation status of concrete-face rockfill dams (CFRD). This paper reported a novel fiber optic gyroscope (FOG) monitoring system for continuously monitoring face slab deformation of CFRD, which consisted of a permanent monitoring pipeline and a sensing vehicle. The monitoring pipeline was made of steel pipes and polyvinyl chloride polymer connectors, which was embedded in a slot of the crushing-type sidewall beneath the concrete face slab of CFRD, forming a permanent monitoring channel. The sensing vehicle was equipped with a high-precision FOG sensor. A low-pass filter was designed to eliminate the vibration noise of the angular velocities of the sensing vehicle during the monitoring process. An in situ test was carried out on the Shuibuya dam, the highest CFRD in the world. The measurements of the FOG monitoring system agreed well with traditional instrument measurements, serving as validation of the system. The FOG monitoring system has the advantages of excellent repeatability, long service life, distributed monitoring, and automatic measurement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20010108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,24]],"date-time":"2019-12-24T05:56:15Z","timestamp":1577166975000},"page":"108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Development and In Situ Application of Deformation Monitoring System for Concrete-Face Rockfill Dam Using Fiber Optic Gyroscope"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Cheng","family":"Liao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}]},{"given":"Desuo","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Hydraulic &amp; Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China"}]},{"given":"Hongxun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5426-7788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weili","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}]},{"given":"Miao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangxi Water Resources Institute, Jiangxi 330013, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"822","article-title":"Nonlinear analysis of concrete face rockfill dam","volume":"116","author":"Khalid","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Geotech. Geoenviron."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"185","article-title":"Dynamic response of concrete faced rockfill dams to strong seismic excitation","volume":"121","author":"Uddin","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Geotech. Geoenviron."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1090-0241(2003)129:10(909)","article-title":"Rockfill modulus and settlement of concrete face rockfill dams","volume":"129","author":"Hunter","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geotech. Geoenviron."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:6(778)","article-title":"Construction of concrete-faced rockfill dams with weak rocks","volume":"132","author":"Xing","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Geotech. Geoenviron."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Materon, B. (2007, January 22\u201324). State of Art of Compacted Concrete Face Rockfill Dams. Proceedings of the Workshop on High Dam Know-How, Yichang, China."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ENG.2016.03.010","article-title":"Technical progress on researches for the safety of high concrete-faced rockfill dams","volume":"2","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1","article-title":"The 30 Years\u2019 Development of Concrete Face Rockfill Dam in China","volume":"3","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hydropower Pumped Storage"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Wen, L. (2018). Statistical Analysis and Numerical Simulation of the Behaviour of Concrete Face Rockfill Dam under Complicated Geological Conditions. [Ph.D. Thesis, Xi\u2019an University of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s11431-007-6007-5","article-title":"Key technical problems of extra-high concrete faced rock-fill dam","volume":"50","author":"Ma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sci. China"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1179\/1752270614Y.0000000112","article-title":"Spatio-temporal modelling of dam deformation using independent component analysis","volume":"46","author":"Dai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compgeo.2010.10.004","article-title":"Settlement analysis of the shuibuya concrete-face rockfill dam","volume":"38","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Geotech."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02826625","article-title":"GPS automatic monitoring system for outside deformation of geheyan dam on the qingjiang river","volume":"3","author":"Xu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Geo-Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compgeo.2016.12.018","article-title":"Monitoring and numerical analysis of behaviour of miaojiaba concrete-face rockfill dam built on river gravel foundation in china","volume":"85","author":"Wen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Geotech."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scaioni, M., Marsella, M., Crosetto, M., Tornatore, V., and Wang, J. (2018). Geodetic and remote-sensing Sensors for dam deformation monitoring. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18113682"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corsetti, M., Fossati, F., Manunta, M., and Marsella, M. (2018). Advanced sbas-dinsar technique for controlling large civil infrastructures: An application to the genzano di lucania dam. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18072371"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, T., Motagh, M., Wang, M., Zhang, W., Gong, C., Xiong, X., He, J., Chen, L., and Liu, J. (2019). Earth and rock-filled dam monitoring by high-resolution x-band interferometry: Gongming dam case study. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11030246"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5866","DOI":"10.3390\/s8095866","article-title":"A new approach for structural monitoring of large dams with a three-dimensional laser scanner","volume":"8","author":"Sanchez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, H., Li, H., Yang, X., Qi, S., and Zhou, J. (2018). Integration of terrestrial laser scanning and nurbs modeling for the deformation monitoring of an earth-rock dam. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19010022"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"79","article-title":"Three dimensional fiber optic gyro for distributed deflection measurement in Si-anjiang concrete faced rock-fill dam","volume":"25","author":"Cai","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hydroelectr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Lefevre, H. (1993). The Fiber-Optic Gyroscope, Artec House."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"387","article-title":"A general closed-form solution to a Timoshenko beam on elastic foundation under moving harmonic load","volume":"66","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Struct. Eng. Mech."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"28","article-title":"Estimating the maximum face deflection in CFRDs","volume":"5","author":"Pinto","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydropower Dams"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1680\/geng.11.00027","article-title":"Three-dimensional analysis of a concrete-face rockfill dam","volume":"167","author":"Mahabad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. ICE Geotech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Li, Z. (1993, January 26\u201329). Defirmation observation on Longxi concrete face rockfill dam. Proceedings of the International Symposium on High Earth-Rockfill Dams, Beijing, China."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2014.06.009","article-title":"Deformation characteristics during construction and after impoundment of the cfrd-type daegok dam, korea","volume":"178","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2014.07.019","article-title":"Numerical analysis of the causes of face slab cracks in Gongboxia rockfill dam","volume":"181","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Fitzpatrick, M.D., Cole, B.A., Kinstler, F.L., and Knoop, B.P. (1985, January 21). Design of concrete-faced rockfill dams. Proceedings of the International Symposium Concrete Face Rockfill Dams: Design, Construction and Performance, Detroit, MI, USA."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/1\/108\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:45:00Z","timestamp":1760190300000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/1\/108"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s20010108"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20010108","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]]}}}