{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T17:00:15Z","timestamp":1777136415990,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,25]],"date-time":"2019-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51572011 and 51802012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51572011 and 51802012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Procalcitonin (PCT) protein has recently been identified as a clinical marker for bacterial infections based on its better sepsis sensitivity. Thus, an increased level of PCT could be linked with disease diagnosis and therapeutics. In this study, we describe the construction of the photoelectrochemical (PEC) PCT immunosensing platform based on it situ grown photo-active CuWO4 nanospheres over reduced graphene oxide layers (CuWO4@rGO). The in situ growth strategy enabled the formation of small nanospheres (diameter of 200 nm), primarily composed of tiny self-assembled CuWO4 nanoparticles (2\u20135 nm). The synergic coupling of CuWO4 with rGO layers constructed an excellent photo-active heterojunction for photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensing. The platform was then considered for electrocatalytic (EC) mechanism-based detection of PCT, where inhibition of the photocatalytic oxidation signal of ascorbic acid (AA), subsequent to the antibody\u2013antigen interaction, was recorded as the primary signal response. This inhibition detection approach enabled sensitive detection of PCT in a concentration range of 10 pg\u00b7mL\u22121 to 50 ng.mL\u22121 with signal sensitivity achievable up to 0.15 pg\u00b7mL\u22121. The proposed PEC hybrid (CuWO4@rGO) could further be engineered to detect other clinically important species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20010148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,25]],"date-time":"2019-12-25T11:07:48Z","timestamp":1577272068000},"page":"148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["In Situ Growth of CuWO4 Nanospheres over Graphene Oxide for Photoelectrochemical (PEC) Immunosensing of Clinical Biomarker"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Zaheer","family":"Abbas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1875-8181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Razium Ali","family":"Soomro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0323-5767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazar Hussain","family":"Kalwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, Shah Abdul Latif University Khairpur, Khairpur 66020, Pakistan"}]},{"given":"Mawada","family":"Tunesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China"}]},{"given":"Magnus","family":"Willander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Technology, Campus Norrkoping, Linkoping University, SE-60174 Norrkoping, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Selcan","family":"Karaku\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpa\u015fa, Avc\u0131lar, Istanbul 34320, Turkey"}]},{"given":"Ayben","family":"Kilislio\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpa\u015fa, Avc\u0131lar, Istanbul 34320, Turkey"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.04.061","article-title":"A dual-signals response electrochemiluminescence immunosensor based on PTC-DEPA\/KCC-1 NCs for detection of procalcitonin","volume":"267","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. 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