{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:54:40Z","timestamp":1760241280257,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,25]],"date-time":"2019-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the China Agriculture Research System","award":["CARS-25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-25"]}]},{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2016YFD0201004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFD0201004"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61673281"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61673281"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The area covered by Chinese-style solar greenhouses (CSGs) has been increasing rapidly. However, only a few pyranometers, which are fundamental for solar radiation sensing, have been installed inside CSGs. The lack of solar radiation sensing will bring negative effects in greenhouse cultivation such as over irrigation or under irrigation, and unnecessary power consumption. We aim to provide accurate and low-cost solar radiation estimation methods that are urgently needed. In this paper, a method of estimation of solar radiation inside CSGs based on a least mean squares (LMS) filter is proposed. The water required for tomato growth was also calculated based on the estimated solar radiation. Then, we compared the accuracy of this method to methods based on knowledge of astronomy and geometry for both solar radiation estimation and tomato water requirement. The results showed that the fitting function of estimation data based on the LMS filter and data collected from sensors inside the greenhouse was y = 0.7634x + 50.58, with the evaluation parameters of R2 = 0.8384, rRMSE = 23.1%, RMSE = 37.6 Wm\u22122, and MAE = 25.4 Wm\u22122. The fitting function of the water requirement calculated according to the proposed method and data collected from sensors inside the greenhouse was y = 0.8550x + 99.10 with the evaluation parameters of R2 = 0.9123, rRMSE = 8.8%, RMSE = 40.4 mL plant\u22121, and MAE = 31.5 mL plant\u22121. The results also indicate that this method is more effective. Additionally, its accuracy decreases as cloud cover increases. The performance is due to the LMS filter\u2019s low pass characteristic that smooth the fluctuations. Furthermore, the LMS filter can be easily implemented on low cost processors. Therefore, the adoption of the proposed method is useful to improve the solar radiation sensing in CSGs with more accuracy and less expense.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20010155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,25]],"date-time":"2019-12-25T11:07:48Z","timestamp":1577272068000},"page":"155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Estimation of Solar Radiation for Tomato Water Requirement Calculation in Chinese-Style Solar Greenhouses Based on Least Mean Squares Filter"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Dapeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information and Electrical Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tieyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information and Electrical Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China"},{"name":"School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang 110159, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianwei","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information and Electrical Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhouping","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China"},{"name":"National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design and Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang 110866, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yonggang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information and Electrical Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yitong","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information and Electrical Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qingji","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information and Electrical Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.10.149","article-title":"Nitrogen footprint and nitrogen use efficiency of greenhouse tomato production in North China","volume":"208","author":"Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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