{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T18:30:31Z","timestamp":1782498631569,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,26]],"date-time":"2019-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577318400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Direction of arrival (DOA) estimation via sensor array is a crucial component of any passive sonar signal processing technology. In certain practical applications, however, the interested far-field targets are frequently affected by near-field interference, which may result in degradation of DOA estimation. Aiming at the direction estimation problems of far-field targets under strong near-field interference, a unified sparse representation model of far-field and near-field hybrid sources is constructed according to the various correlations in steering vectors between the planar wave and spherical wave in this paper. A high-resolution spatial spectrum reconstruction algorithm based on a sparse Bayesian framework is then exploited to constrain the energy of near-field interference in the preset near-field steering vector over-complete dictionary, thus ensuring the accurate detection and estimation of far-field targets. An expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm approach is introduced to estimate the number of sources and noise power iteratively, which will reduce the dependence of the algorithm on such prior information. Several state-of-art algorithms are mentioned and discussed (Minimum Variance Distortionless Response (MVDR) method, Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC) algorithm and conventional beamforming (CBF) algorithm) to compare with the one proposed in this manuscript that achieves higher accuracy of estimation and resolution under low SNR level with limited samples, which is verified by simulation and for the results obtained in an experimental case study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20010163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,27]],"date-time":"2019-12-27T05:37:08Z","timestamp":1577425028000},"page":"163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["A Sparse Perspective for Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Under Strong Near-Field Interference Environment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Longhao","family":"Qiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Acoustic Science and Technology Laboratory, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security (Harbin Engineering University), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"Qingdao Haina Underwater Information Technology Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5745-8942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tian","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acoustic Science and Technology Laboratory, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security (Harbin Engineering University), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"Qingdao Haina Underwater Information Technology Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7513-704X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yilin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acoustic Science and Technology Laboratory, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security (Harbin Engineering University), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"Qingdao Haina Underwater Information Technology Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2018.5536","article-title":"Coprime L-shaped array connected by a triangular spatially-spread electromagnetic-vector-sensor for two-dimensional direction of arrival estimation","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IET Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Wu, S., Guo, A., and Yang, W. 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